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Speech and audio signal processing.pdf
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SPEECH AND AUDIO
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BEN GOLD
NELSON MORGAN
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Acquisitions Editor Bill Zobrist
Marketing Manager Katherine Hepburn
Senior Production Editor Robin Factor
Senior Designer Laura Boucher
Illustration Editor Gene Aiello
Electronic Illustrations Radiant
This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by TechBooks, and printed and bound by Quebecor/Fairfield.
The book is printed on acid-free paper. §
Library of Congress Cataloging in publication Data:
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CONTENTS xi
13.2 Sound Waves in Rooms 179
13.2.1 Acoustic Reverberation 180
13.2.2 Early Reflections 183
13.3 Room Acoustics as a Component in Speech Systems 184
13.4 Exercises 185
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 5
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Iw I - -- -- --
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3.1.2 Acoustical Telegraphy before Morse Code
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3.1.3 The Telephone
3.1.4 The Channel Vocoder
and Bandwidth Compression
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FIGURE 3.4 Wideband spectrogram.
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4.7.2 Front Ends
4.7.3 Hidden Markov Models
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4.7.4 The Second (D)ARPA
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4.7.5 The Return of Neural Nets
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 53
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
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FIGURE 6.15 Digital filter structure.
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EXERCISES 1 01
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8.2.1 Some Opinions
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8.3 PATTERN-CLASSIFICATION METHODS
8.3.1 Minimum Distance Classifiers
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8.3.2 Discriminant Functions
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8.3.3 Generalized Discriminators
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9.8.1 Discussion
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 133
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10.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND DISCRETE
10.5 STANDING WAVES
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FIGURE 12.21 The evolution of a trumpet: effects of the mouthpiece and bell.
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13.1.1 One-Dimensional Wave Equation
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13.1.5 Typical Power Sources
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13.2.2 Early Reflections
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15.4 MASKING
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227
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FIGURE 17.15 Interval histograms for two periods of a steady vowel. Plot B shows
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245
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18.2.2 The Experiments
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.. -
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22.4.2 Robustness to Additive Noise
22.4.3 Caveats
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23.2.2 What Makes a Phone?
23.2.3 What Makes a Phoneme?
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23.4.3 Vowels
23.4.4 Why Use Features?
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 323
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24.2.3 Distances
24.2.4 End-Point Detection
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24.4 SEGMENTAL APPROACHES
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25.3.1 Markov Models
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25.3.2 Hidden Markov Model
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25.3.3 HMMs for Speech Recognition
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25.3.4 Estimation of P(XIM)
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26.6.3 Tied Mixtures of Gaussians
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27.2.2 Corrective Training
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27.2.4 Direct Estimation of Posteriors
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27.3.3 Embedded Training
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 379
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28.3.2 Smoothing .
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29.2.2 Other Source-Filter Synthesizer Structures
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FIGURE 29.6 All-zero synthesizer based on cepstral analysis.
29.2.3 Talking Chips
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29.6.2 Development of Speech Synthesizers
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29.6.3 Segmental Synthesis by Rule
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29.8.1 The van Santen Recordings
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413
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FIGURE 30.11 Estimation of periods by elementary pitch detectors.
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30.9 EXERCISES
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FIGURE 33.8 Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM).
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33.9.1 Modifications to CELP
33.9.2 Non-Gaussian Codebook Sequences
33.9.3 Low-Delay CELP
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33.10.3 Multiresolution Codebook Search
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33.10.4 Partial Sequence Elimination
33.10.5 Tree-Structured Delta Codebooks
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33.10.6 Adaptive Codebooks
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33.10.7 Linear Combination Codebooks
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35.7 SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF SYNTHESIS
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INDEX 533
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534 INDEX
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536 INDEX
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INDEX 537
SPEECH AND AUDIO
SIGNAL PROCESSING
Processing and Perception
of Speech and Music
BEN GOLD
Massachusetts
Lincoln Laboratory
Institute of Technology
NELSON MORGAN
University of California at Berkeley
International Computer Science Institute
_
with contributions from
Herve Bourlard
Eric Fosler-Lussier
Jeff Gilbert
Bill Zobrist
Katherine Hepburn
Robin Factor
Acquisitions Editor
Marketing Manager
Senior Production Editor
Senior Designer
Illustration Editor
Electronic Illustrations
Laura Boucher
Gene Aiello
Radiant
This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by TechBooks, and printed and bound by Quebecor/Fairfield.
The cover was printed by Lehigh Press.
The book is printed on acid-free paper. §
Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
scanning
recording,
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
through payment of tbi: appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright
authorization
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
(978) 750-8400,
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for permission should be addressed to the
(212) 850-6011,
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Library of Congress Cataloging in publication Data:
Gold, Ben, 1923-
Speech and audio signal processing
: processing and perception of
speech, and music I Ben Gold, Nelson Morgan
Herve Bourlard, Eric Fosler-Lussier,
and Jeff Gilbert,
; with contributions
from
p.
cm.
Includes Index.
ISBN 0-471-35154-7
1. Speech processing systems.
3. Electronic music.
(alk. paper)
techniques.
TK7882.S65G65
621.382'2-dc21
1999
2. Signal processing-Digital
1. Morgan. Nelson.
99-16025
CIP
ISBN 0-471-35154-7
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
This book is dedicated to
our families
and our students
CHAPTER
7
CHAPTER
8
CHAPTER
9
6.9
6.10
Concluding Comments
Exercises
79
79
CONTENTS
ix
DIGITAL FILTERS AND DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 83
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
83
Introduction
84
Filtering Concepts
Useful Filter Functions
Transformations
Digital Filter Design with Bilinear Transformation
The Discrete Fourier Transform 92
95
Fast Fourier Transform Methods
Relation Between the DFT and Digital Filters
Exercises
for Digital Filter Design
100
98
88
90
91
103
PATTERN CLASSIFICATION
8.1
8.2
8.3
105
Some Opinions
103
Introduction
Feature Extraction
8.2.1
106
Pattern-Classification Methods
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
Exercises
Appendix: Multilayer Perception Training
8.5.1
8.5.2
Minimum Distance Classifiers
109
Discriminant Functions
Generalized Discriminators
Definitions
Derivation
114
115
8.4
8.5
113-
107
107
110
114
119
119
STATISTICAL PATTERN CLASSIFICATION
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
119
Introduction
A Few Definitions
Class-Related Probability Functions
121
Minimum Error Classification
Likelihood-Based MAP Classification
123
Approximating a Bayes Classifier
Statistically Based Linear Discriminants
9.7.1
Iterative Training:
9.8.1
Exercises
Discussion
Discussion
126
131
132
120
122
125
The EM Algorithm 126
CHAPTER
10
CHAPTER
11
CHAPTER
12
CHAPTER
13
137
137
WAVE BASICS
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
137
Introduction
The Wave Equation for the Vibrating String
Discrete-Time Traveling Waves
Boundary Conditions and Discrete Traveling Waves
Standing Waves
Discrete- Time Models of Acoustic Tubes
Acoustic Tube Resonances
Relation of Acoustic Tube Resonances to Observed Formant
139
140
141
143
140
Frequencies
144
10.9
Exercises
146
ACOUSTIC TUBE MODELING OF SPEECH PRODUCTION
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
Introduction
Acoustic Tube Models of English Phonemes
Excitation Mechanisms
in Speech Production
Exercises
148
152
148
153
1'54
MUSIC PRODUCTION
154
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Introduction
Sequence of Steps in a Plucked or Bowed String Instrument
Vibrations of the Bowed String
Frequency-Response Measurements of the Bridge of a Violin
Vibrations of the Body of String Instruments: Measurement
155
Methods
159
148
155
156
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
Radiation Pattern of Bowed String Instruments
165
Some Considerations
Brief Discussion of the Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn, and Tuba
Exercises
in Piano Design
173
163
171
175
175
ROOM ACOUSTICS
Sound Waves
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
176
One-Dimensional Wave Equation
177
Spherical Wave Equation
Intensity
Decibel Sound Levels
Typical Power Sources
178
178
177
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