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Java虚拟机规范8，官方英文版.pdf
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
Table of Contents
Preface to the Java SE 8 Edition
1. Introduction
1.1. A Bit of History
1.2. The Java Virtual Machine
1.3. Organization of the Specification
1.4. Notation
1.5. Feedback
2. The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine
2.1. The class File Format
2.2. Data Types
2.3. Primitive Types and Values
2.3.1. Integral Types and Values
2.3.2. Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values
2.3.3. The returnAddress Type and Values
2.3.4. The boolean Type
2.4. Reference Types and Values
2.5. Run-Time Data Areas
2.5.1. The pc Register
2.5.2. Java Virtual Machine Stacks
2.5.3. Heap
2.5.4. Method Area
2.5.5. Run-Time Constant Pool
2.5.6. Native Method Stacks
2.6. Frames
2.6.1. Local Variables
2.6.2. Operand Stacks
2.6.3. Dynamic Linking
2.6.4. Normal Method Invocation Completion
2.6.5. Abrupt Method Invocation Completion
2.7. Representation of Objects
2.8. Floating-Point Arithmetic
2.8.1. Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE 754
2.8.2. Floating-Point Modes
2.8.3. Value Set Conversion
2.9. Special Methods
2.10. Exceptions
2.11. Instruction Set Summary
2.11.1. Types and the Java Virtual Machine
2.11.2. Load and Store Instructions
2.11.3. Arithmetic Instructions
2.11.4. Type Conversion Instructions
2.11.5. Object Creation and Manipulation
2.11.6. Operand Stack Management Instructions
2.11.7. Control Transfer Instructions
2.11.8. Method Invocation and Return Instructions
2.11.9. Throwing Exceptions
2.11.10. Synchronization
2.12. Class Libraries
2.13. Public Design, Private Implementation
3. Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine
3.1. Format of Examples
3.2. Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs
3.3. Arithmetic
3.4. Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool
3.5. More Control Examples
3.6. Receiving Arguments
3.7. Invoking Methods
3.8. Working with Class Instances
3.9. Arrays
3.10. Compiling Switches
3.11. Operations on the Operand Stack
3.12. Throwing and Handling Exceptions
3.13. Compiling finally
3.14. Synchronization
3.15. Annotations
4. The class File Format
4.1. The ClassFile Structure
4.2. The Internal Form of Names
4.2.1. Binary Class and Interface Names
4.2.2. Unqualified Names
4.3. Descriptors
4.3.1. Grammar Notation
4.3.2. Field Descriptors
4.3.3. Method Descriptors
4.4. The Constant Pool
4.4.1. The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure
4.4.2. The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures
4.4.3. The CONSTANT_String_info Structure
4.4.4. The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info Structures
4.4.5. The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info Structures
4.4.6. The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure
4.4.7. The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure
4.4.8. The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure
4.4.9. The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure
4.4.10. The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure
4.5. Fields
4.6. Methods
4.7. Attributes
4.7.1. Defining and Naming New Attributes
4.7.2. The ConstantValue Attribute
4.7.3. The Code Attribute
4.7.4. The StackMapTable Attribute
4.7.5. The Exceptions Attribute
4.7.6. The InnerClasses Attribute
4.7.7. The EnclosingMethod Attribute
4.7.8. The Synthetic Attribute
4.7.9. The Signature Attribute
4.7.9.1. Signatures
4.7.10. The SourceFile Attribute
4.7.11. The SourceDebugExtension Attribute
4.7.12. The LineNumberTable Attribute
4.7.13. The LocalVariableTable Attribute
4.7.14. The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute
4.7.15. The Deprecated Attribute
4.7.16. The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations Attribute
4.7.16.1. The element_value structure
4.7.17. The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations Attribute
4.7.18. The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute
4.7.19. The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute
4.7.20. The RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute
4.7.20.1. The target_info union
4.7.20.2. The type_path structure
4.7.21. The RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute
4.7.22. The AnnotationDefault Attribute
4.7.23. The BootstrapMethods Attribute
4.7.24. The MethodParameters Attribute
4.8. Format Checking
4.9. Constraints on Java Virtual Machine Code
4.9.1. Static Constraints
4.9.2. Structural Constraints
4.10. Verification of class Files
4.10.1. Verification by Type Checking
4.10.1.1. Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts
4.10.1.2. Verification Type System
4.10.1.3. Instruction Representation
4.10.1.4. Stack Map Frame Representation
4.10.1.5. Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods
4.10.1.6. Type Checking Methods with Code
4.10.1.7. Type Checking Load and Store Instructions
4.10.1.8. Type Checking for protected Members
4.10.1.9. Type Checking Instructions
aaload
aastore
aconst_null
aload, aload_
anewarray
areturn
arraylength
astore, astore_
athrow
baload
bastore
bipush
caload
castore
checkcast
d2f, d2i, d2l
dadd
daload
dastore
dcmp
dconst_
ddiv
dload, dload_
dmul
dneg
drem
dreturn
dstore, dstore_
dsub
dup
dup_x1
dup_x2
dup2
dup2_x1
dup2_x2
f2d, f2i, f2l
fadd
faload
fastore
fcmp
fconst_
fdiv
fload, fload_
fmul
fneg
frem
freturn
fstore, fstore_
fsub
getfield
getstatic
goto, goto_w
i2b, i2c, i2d, i2f, i2l, i2s
iadd
iaload
iand
iastore
if_acmp
if_icmp
if
ifnonnull
ifnull
iinc
iload, iload_
imul
ineg
instanceof
invokedynamic
invokeinterface
invokespecial
invokestatic
invokevirtual
ior
irem
ireturn
ishl, ishr, iushr
istore, istore_
isub
ixor
l2d, l2f, l2i
ladd
laload
land
lastore
lcmp
lconst_
ldc, ldc_w, ldc2_w
ldiv
lload, lload_
lmul
lneg
lookupswitch
lor
lrem
lreturn
lshl, lshr, lushr
lstore, lstore_
lsub
lxor
monitorenter
monitorexit
multianewarray
new
newarray
nop
pop, pop2
putfield
putstatic
return
saload
sastore
sipush
swap
tableswitch
wide
4.10.2. Verification by Type Inference
4.10.2.1. The Process of Verification by Type Inference
4.10.2.2. The Bytecode Verifier
4.10.2.3. Values of Types long and double
4.10.2.4. Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created Objects
4.10.2.5. Exceptions and finally
4.11. Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine
5. Loading, Linking, and Initializing
5.1. The Run-Time Constant Pool
5.2. Java Virtual Machine Startup
5.3. Creation and Loading
5.3.1. Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader
5.3.2. Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader
5.3.3. Creating Array Classes
5.3.4. Loading Constraints
5.3.5. Deriving a Class from a class File Representation
5.4. Linking
5.4.1. Verification
5.4.2. Preparation
5.4.3. Resolution
5.4.3.1. Class and Interface Resolution
5.4.3.2. Field Resolution
5.4.3.3. Method Resolution
5.4.3.4. Interface Method Resolution
5.4.3.5. Method Type and Method Handle Resolution
5.4.3.6. Call Site Specifier Resolution
5.4.4. Access Control
5.4.5. Overriding
5.5. Initialization
5.6. Binding Native Method Implementations
5.7. Java Virtual Machine Exit
6. The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set
6.1. Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must"
6.2. Reserved Opcodes
6.3. Virtual Machine Errors
6.4. Format of Instruction Descriptions
mnemonic
6.5. Instructions
aaload
aastore
aconst_null
aload
aload_
anewarray
areturn
arraylength
astore
astore_
athrow
baload
bastore
bipush
caload
castore
checkcast
d2f
d2i
d2l
dadd
daload
dastore
dcmp
dconst_
ddiv
dload
dload_
dmul
dneg
drem
dreturn
dstore
dstore_
dsub
dup
dup_x1
dup_x2
dup2
dup2_x1
dup2_x2
f2d
f2i
f2l
fadd
faload
fastore
fcmp
fconst_
fdiv
fload
fload_
fmul
fneg
frem
freturn
fstore
fstore_
fsub
getfield
getstatic
goto
goto_w
i2b
i2c
i2d
i2f
i2l
i2s
iadd
iaload
iand
iastore
iconst_
idiv
if_acmp
if_icmp
if
ifnonnull
ifnull
iinc
iload
iload_
imul
ineg
instanceof
invokedynamic
invokeinterface
invokespecial
invokestatic
invokevirtual
ior
irem
ireturn
ishl
ishr
istore
istore_
isub
iushr
ixor
jsr
jsr_w
l2d
l2f
l2i
ladd
laload
land
lastore
lcmp
lconst_
ldc
ldc_w
ldc2_w
ldiv
lload
lload_
lmul
lneg
lookupswitch
lor
lrem
lreturn
lshl
lshr
lstore
lstore_
lsub
lushr
lxor
monitorenter
monitorexit
multianewarray
new
newarray
nop
pop
pop2
putfield
putstatic
ret
return
saload
sastore
sipush
swap
tableswitch
wide
7. Opcode Mnemonics by Opcode
Index
A. Limited License Grant
The Java® Virtual
Machine Specification
Java SE 8 Edition
Tim Lindholm
Frank Yellin
Gilad Bracha
Alex Buckley
2015-02-13
Specification: JSR-337 Java® SE 8 Release Contents ("Specification")
Version: 8
Status: Maintenance Release
Release: March 2015
Copyright © 1997, 2015, Oracle America, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, California 94065, U.S.A.
All rights reserved.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may
be trademarks of their respective owners.
The Specification provided herein is provided to you only under the Limited License Grant
included herein as Appendix A. Please see Appendix A, Limited License Grant.
To Sophia and Susan, in deepest appreciation.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Java SE 8 Edition xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
A Bit of History 1
The Java Virtual Machine 2
Organization of the Specification 3
Notation 4
Feedback 4
2 The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine 5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
The class File Format 5
Data Types 6
Primitive Types and Values 6
Integral Types and Values 7
2.3.1
Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values 8
2.3.2
The returnAddress Type and Values 10
2.3.3
2.3.4
The boolean Type 10
Reference Types and Values 11
Run-Time Data Areas 11
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4 Method Area 13
2.5.5
2.5.6
Frames 15
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
Representation of Objects 19
Floating-Point Arithmetic 19
2.8.1
Local Variables 16
Operand Stacks 17
Dynamic Linking 18
Normal Method Invocation Completion 18
Abrupt Method Invocation Completion 18
The pc Register 12
Java Virtual Machine Stacks 12
Heap 13
Run-Time Constant Pool 14
Native Method Stacks 14
Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE
754 19
Floating-Point Modes 20
Value Set Conversion 20
2.8.2
2.8.3
Special Methods 22
Exceptions 23
Instruction Set Summary 25
v
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
2.11.1 Types and the Java Virtual Machine 26
2.11.2 Load and Store Instructions 29
2.11.3 Arithmetic Instructions 30
2.11.4 Type Conversion Instructions 32
2.11.5 Object Creation and Manipulation 34
2.11.6 Operand Stack Management Instructions 34
2.11.7 Control Transfer Instructions 34
2.11.8 Method Invocation and Return Instructions 35
2.11.9 Throwing Exceptions 36
2.11.10 Synchronization 36
2.12 Class Libraries 37
2.13
Public Design, Private Implementation 37
3 Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine 39
Format of Examples 39
Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs 40
Arithmetic 45
Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool 46
Receiving Arguments 50
Invoking Methods 51
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5 More Control Examples 47
3.6
3.7
3.8 Working with Class Instances 53
3.9
3.10 Compiling Switches 57
3.11 Operations on the Operand Stack 59
3.12
3.13 Compiling finally 63
3.14
3.15 Annotations 67
Synchronization 66
Arrays 55
Throwing and Handling Exceptions 60
4 The class File Format 69
Binary Class and Interface Names 74
Unqualified Names 75
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
The ClassFile Structure 70
The Internal Form of Names 74
4.2.1
4.2.2
Descriptors 75
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3 Method Descriptors 77
The Constant Pool 78
4.4.1
4.4.2
Grammar Notation 75
Field Descriptors 76
The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure 79
The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and
CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures 80
The CONSTANT_String_info Structure 81
The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info
Structures 82
4.4.3
4.4.4
vi
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
4.4.5
The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info
Structures 83
The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure 85
The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure 85
The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure 87
The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure 89
4.4.6
4.4.7
4.4.8
4.4.9
4.4.10 The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure 89
Fields 90
4.5
4.6 Methods 92
Attributes 95
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
4.7.7
4.7.8
4.7.9
Defining and Naming New Attributes 101
The ConstantValue Attribute 101
The Code Attribute 102
The StackMapTable Attribute 106
The Exceptions Attribute 113
The InnerClasses Attribute 114
The EnclosingMethod Attribute 117
The Synthetic Attribute 118
The Signature Attribute 119
4.7.9.1
Signatures 120
4.7.10 The SourceFile Attribute 123
4.7.11 The SourceDebugExtension Attribute 124
4.7.12 The LineNumberTable Attribute 125
4.7.13 The LocalVariableTable Attribute 126
4.7.14 The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute 128
4.7.15 The Deprecated Attribute 130
4.7.16 The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations Attribute 131
4.7.16.1 The element_value structure 132
4.7.17 The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations Attribute 135
4.7.18 The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute 136
4.7.19 The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute 138
4.7.20 The RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute 139
4.7.20.1 The target_info union 145
4.7.20.2 The type_path structure 149
4.7.21 The RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute 153
4.7.22 The AnnotationDefault Attribute 154
4.7.23 The BootstrapMethods Attribute 155
4.7.24 The MethodParameters Attribute 157
Format Checking 159
Constraints on Java Virtual Machine Code 160
4.9.1
4.9.2
Static Constraints 160
Structural Constraints 164
4.8
4.9
4.10 Verification of class Files 167
4.10.1 Verification by Type Checking 168
4.10.1.1 Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts 171
4.10.1.2 Verification Type System 175
Instruction Representation 178
4.10.1.3
4.10.1.4
Stack Map Frame Representation 180
vii
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
4.10.2 Verification by Type Inference 322
4.10.1.5 Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods 185
4.10.1.6 Type Checking Methods with Code 188
4.10.1.7 Type Checking Load and Store Instructions 197
4.10.1.8 Type Checking for protected Members 199
4.10.1.9 Type Checking Instructions 202
4.10.2.1 The Process of Verification by Type Inference 322
4.10.2.2 The Bytecode Verifier 322
4.10.2.3 Values of Types long and double 326
4.10.2.4
Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created
Objects 326
4.11
Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine 330
4.10.2.5 Exceptions and finally 328
5 Loading, Linking, and Initializing 333
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
The Run-Time Constant Pool 333
Java Virtual Machine Startup 336
Creation and Loading 336
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
Linking 343
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader 338
Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader 339
Creating Array Classes 340
Loading Constraints 340
Deriving a Class from a class File Representation 342
Class and Interface Resolution 346
Field Resolution 347
Verification 344
Preparation 344
Resolution 345
5.4.3.1
5.4.3.2
5.4.3.3 Method Resolution 348
5.4.3.4
5.4.3.5 Method Type and Method Handle Resolution 351
5.4.3.6
Access Control 356
Overriding 356
Call Site Specifier Resolution 355
Interface Method Resolution 350
5.4.4
5.4.5
Initialization 357
Binding Native Method Implementations 360
Java Virtual Machine Exit 360
6 The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set 361
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
viii
Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must" 361
Reserved Opcodes 362
Virtual Machine Errors 362
Format of Instruction Descriptions 363
mnemonic 364
Instructions 366
aaload 367
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