OFDMA Mobile Broadband Communications A Systems Approach.pdf

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Contents

Foreword

Robert Calderbank

Preface

Why we wrote this book

Who will benefit from this book?

Acknowledgments

Notation

Variables

Functions

Abbreviations

General

LTE-specific

1 Introduction

1.1 Evolution towards mobile broadband communications

1.2 System design principles of wireless communications

1.3 Why OFDMA for mobile broadband?

1.4 Systems approach and outline of the book

2 Elements of OFDMA

2.1 OFDM

2.1.1 Tone signals

2.1.2 Cyclic prefix

2.1.3 Time-frequency resource

2.1.4 Block signal processing

2.2 From OFDM to OFDMA

2.2.1 Basic principles

2.2.2 Comparison: OFDMA, CDMA, and FDMA

2.2.3 Inter-cell interference averaging: OFDMA versus CDMA

2.2.4 Tone hopping: averaging versus peaking

2.2.5 Time-frequency synchronization and control

2.2.6 Block signal processing

2.3 Peak-to-average power ratio and SC-FDMA

2.3.1 PAPR problem

2.3.2 PAPR of OFDMA

2.3.3 SC-FDMA and PAPR reduction

2.3.4 Frequency domain equalization at the SC-FDMA receiver

2.3.5 System aspects of SC-FDMA

2.4 Real-world impairments

2.4.1 Carrier frequency offset and Doppler effect

2.4.2 Arrival time beyond the cyclic prefix

2.4.3 Sampling rate mismatch

Phase noise

2.4.4 I/Q imbalance

2.4.5 Power amplifier nonlinear distortion

2.5 Cross interference and self-noise models

2.5.1 Cross interference and self-noise due to ICI

2.6 Self-noise due to imperfect channel estimation

2.6.1 Self-noise measurement via null pilot

2.7 Summary of key ideas

3 System design principles

3.1 System benefits of OFDMA

Fading channel mitigation and exploitation

3.2.1 Fading mitigation

3.2.2 Fading exploitation

3.2.3 Mitigation or exploitation?

3.3 Intra-cell user multiplexing

3.4 Inter-cell interference management

3.4.1 Interference averaging and active control

3.4.2 Universal versus fractional frequency reuse

3.5 Multiple antenna techniques

3.5.1 System benefits

3.5.2 OFDMA advantages

3.6 Scheduling

3.7 Network architecture and airlink support

3.7.1 Unplanned deployment of base stations

3.7.2 Mobile IP-based handoff

Summary of key ideas: evolution of system design principles

4 Mitigation and exploitation of multipath fading

4.1 Multipath fading channel

4.1.1 Impulse response model

4.1.2 Amplitude statistics

4.1.3 Channel variation in time

4.1.4 Channel variation in frequency

4.1.5 Gaussian-Markov model

4.2 Communications, fading channel: single-user case

4.2.1 Performance penalty due to multipath fading

4.2.2 Mitigation of fading via channel state feedback

4.2.3 Mitigation of fading via diversity

4.2.4 Feedback or diversity

4.3 Communications, fading channel: multiuser case

4.3.1 Fading channel and multiuser diversity

4.3.2 Exploring multiuser diversity in frequency and space

4.3.3 Multiuser or single-user diversity

4.4 Summary of key ideas

5 Intra-cell user multiplexing

5.1 Orthogonal multiplexing

5.1.1 Orthogonal multiplexing in the perfect model

5.1.2 Orthogonal multiplexing in the cross interference model

5.1.3 Orthogonal multiplexing in the self-noise model

5.2 Non-orthogonal multiplexing

5.2.1 Non-orthogonal multiplexing in the perfect model

5.2.2 Non-orthogonal multiplexing in the cross interference and self-noise models

5.2.3 Superposition-by-position coding

5.3 Inter-sector interference management

5.3.1 Sectorization

5.3.2 Synchronized sectors

5.3.3 Users at sector edge

5.4 Summary of key ideas

6 Inter-cell interference management

6.1 Analysis of SIR distributions

6.1.1 Downlink SIR

6.1.2 Uplink SIR

6.2 Uplink power control, SINR assignment, OFDMA

6.2.1 SINR feasibility region

6.2.2 Distributed power control

6.2.3 SINR assignment

6.2.4 Joint bandwidth and SINR assignment

6.2.5 Utility maximization in SINR assignment

6.3 Fractional frequency reuse

6.3.1 A two-cell analysis

6.3.2 Static FFR in a multi-cell scenario

6.3.3 Breathing cells: FFR in the time domain

6.3.4 Adaptive FFR

6.4 Summary of key ideas

7 Use of multiple antennas

7.1 MIMO channel modeling

7.1.1 Linear antenna arrays

7.1.2 Polarized antennas

7.2 SU-MIMO techniques

7.2.1 Channel state information at both transmitter and receiver

7.2.2 Channel state information only at receiver

7.2.3 Multiplexing with polarized antennas

7.3 Multiuser MIMO techniques

7.3.1 Uplink SDMA

7.3.2 Downlink beamforming

7.4 Multi-cell MIMO techniques

7.4.1 Coordinated beamforming

7.4.2 Inter-sector beamforming

7.4.3 Inter-cell interference avoidance with polarized antennas

7.5 Summary of key ideas

8 Scheduling

8.1 Scheduling for infinitely backlogged traffic

8.1.1 Fairness based on utility functions

8.1.2 Gradient-based scheduling schemes

8.2 Scheduling for elastic traffic

8.2.1 Congestion control and scheduling

8.3 Scheduling for inelastic traffic

8.3.1 Throughput optimal scheduling

8.3.2 Tradeoff between queue-awareness and channel-awareness

8.3.3 Admission control

8.4 Multi-class scheduling

8.5 Flow level scheduling

8.6 Signaling for scheduling

8.6.1 Dynamic packet scheduling

8.6.2 Semi-persistent scheduling

8.6.3 MAC state scheduling

8.7 Summary of key ideas

9 Handoff in IP-based network architecture

9.1 IP-based cellular network architecture

9.1.1 Motivation for IP-based cellular network architecture

9.1.2 Description of IP-based cellular networks

9.2 Soft handoff in CDMA

9.3 Make-before-break handoff in OFDMA

9.3.1 Parallel independent links to multiple base stations

9.3.2 Mobile IP-based MBB handoff procedure

9.3.3 Uplink macro-diversity

9.3.4 Downlink macro-diversity

9.3.5 MBB handoff in an FFR or multi-carrier scenario

9.4 Break-before-make handoff in OFDMA

9.4.1 BBM handoff in an FFR or multi-carrier scenario

9.4.2 Expedited BBM handoff

9.5 Handoff initiation

9.5.1 The universal frequency reuse case

9.5.2 The non-universal frequency reuse cases

9.6 Mobile-controlled vs network-controlled

9.7 Summary of key ideas

10 Beyond conventional cellular frameworks

10.1 Heterogeneous topology

10.1.1 Relays

10.1.2 Femtocells

10.1.3 Device-to-device communications

10.2 Cooperative communication

10.2.1 User cooperation

10.2.2 Network cooperation

10.3 Cognitive radio

10.3.1 Spectrum sensing

10.3.2 Spectrum sharing

10.4 Summary of key ideas

Appendix A: Overview of system operations

A.1 Cell search, synchronization, and identification

A.2 Link establishment

A.3 Traffic control and transmission

A.4 Sleep state

A.5 Handoff

Appendix B: OFDM point-to-point communications

B.1 Signal-presence detection

B.2 Synchronization

B.3 Channel estimation

B.4 Error correction

Appendix C: Brief review of channel capacity

C.1 AWGN channel

C.2 Flat fading channel

C.2.1 Channel side information only at receiver

C.2.2 Channel side information at both receiver and transmitter

C.3 Frequency selective fading channel

C.4 Multiuser capacity

References

Index

more information - www.cambridge.org/9781107001602

OFDMA Mobile Broadband Communications A Systems Approach Written by the pioneers of Flash-OFDM, arguably the ﬁrst commercially developed OFDMA-based mobile broadband system in the world, this book teaches OFDMA from ﬁrst principles, enabling readers to understand mobile broadband as a whole. The book examines the key requirements for data-centric mobile; how OFDMA ﬁts well with data networks; why mobile broadband needs to be IP-based; and how to bridge communications theory to real-world air interface design and make a good system choice between performance and complexity. It also explores the future of wireless technologies beyond conventional cellular architecture. One of the key challenges faced by newcomers to this ﬁeld is how to apply the wireless communications theory and principles to the real world and how to understand sophis- ticated commercial systems such as LTE. The authors use their ﬁrst-hand experience to help graduate students, researchers, and professionals working on 4G to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Junyi Li is Vice President of Engineering at Qualcomm, responsible for conceptualizing and developing next-generation wireless networking solutions. He was a key inventor of Flash-OFDM and a founding member of Flarion Technologies. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. Xinzhou Wu is Principal Engineer/Manager at Qualcomm. He is well known for his research and innovation in the area of wireless communications and networking. Rajiv Laroia is Senior Vice President of Engineering and CTO at Sonus Networks. He was the founder and CTO of Flarion Technologies and then Senior Vice President of Engineering at Qualcomm. He is widely recognized as a pioneer of OFDMA-based cellular technologies. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

“Li, Wu and Laroia’s book fulﬁls a major need – an authoritative reference on OFDMA, which is the foundation for 4G cellular technology, and likely the dominant air interface technology for many years to come. The authors are renowned innovators and system engineers who among them pioneered the use of OFDM for cellular systems, and the book contains many crisp insights that no other team of authors could provide. The academic rigor of the book is also remarkable, particularly from practicing system engineers. In fact, they have independently derived several cutting edge research results in order to make various technical points! A must-have book for any wireless system engineer’s personal library.” Jeffrey Andrews, The University of Texas at Austin “This is a must read book for both students and engineers who are interested in learning about how the principles of OFDM can be used to design and control wireless networks. This self-contained book begins with a gentle introduction and basics of OFDMA systems, builds the material to advanced state-of-the-art techniques currently being used, and then looks ahead at the design of future wireless systems. A remarkable book written by the pioneers of Flash OFDM technologies.” Ness B. Shroff, The Ohio State University “This is a very special book, written by industry pioneers of OFDMA technology, taking the uncon- ventional and very timely system view. It provides a beautiful perspective of how important theoretical ideas and understanding of the needs of real world communications systems were harnessed to develop ﬂash-OFDM from ﬁrst principles. LTE has since adopted OFDMA technology as the converged global 4G standard. It presents in a unique way the principles, basics and advanced elements of wireless OFDMA technology, and also provides a future centric perspective of practical aspects of wireless communications. This three part book offers insights for scholars, researchers and wireless industrial engineers, leaders and visionaries. In particular, this book is beneﬁcial for students as they are exposed to more than standard theoretical perspectives, unlike of most books and courses in the area. This book is a pleasure to read.” Shlomo Shamai, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology “This book provides a thoroughly-researched holistic viewpoint of wireless communications using OFDMA technology. The authors’ perspective on the relationship between theory and practice illustrated through the use of practical examples makes the book unique. I expect the book to be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the area of wireless networks.” R. Srikant, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign “System design involves taking a holistic view of all the aspects and angles involved – this is a particularly tough challenge in cellular wireless system which involves widely disparate aspects such as unreliability of physical wireless medium, arbitrating the shared wireless medium among many users, infrastructure management (base stations and sectorization) and interface with external networks such as the internet). Flash-OFDM personiﬁes the philosophy of system design and this book, coming from pioneers of the technology is a must read for anyone interested in a system view of the entire cellular system as well as anyone interested in understanding the process of system design.” Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign “Most texts in communications focus either on theory or on detailed description of standards. This unique book takes cutting-edge theory and shows how it can be applied to real-world systems. An invaluable guide on the bridge from theory to practice, written by some of the best system engineers in the ﬁeld.” David Tse, University of California at Berkeley

OFDMA Mobile Broadband Communications A Systems Approach JUNYI LI Qualcomm XINZHOU WU Qualcomm RAJIV LAROIA Sonus Networks

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜ao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107001602 C Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Li, Junyi, 1969– OFDMA mobile broadband communications : a systems approach / Junyi Li, Qualcomm, Bridgewater, New Jersey, Xinzhou Wu, Qualcomm, Bridgewater, New Jersey, Rajiv Laroia, Sonus Networks. pages Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-00160-2 (hardback) 1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. TK5103.484.L578 2013 621.39 II. Laroia, Rajiv. I. Wu, Xinzhou. cm III. Title. 8 – dc23 2012042953 ISBN 978-1-107-00160-2 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

To my parents, Songnian Li and Xiangzhen Huang Junyi Li To my parents, Yaping Wu and Liying Ji Xinzhou Wu To my parents, Krishan and Anuradha Laroia Rajiv Laroia

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