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131 Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES founded by H.K.V. Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W.T. Rhodes, Atlanta Editorial Board: A. Adibi, Atlanta T. Asakura, Sapporo T. W. H¨ansch, Garching T. Kamiya, Tokyo F. Krausz, Garching B. Monemar, Link¨oping M. Ohtsu, Tokyo H. Venghaus, Berlin H. Weber, Berlin H. Weinfurter, M¨unchen

Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES The Springer Series in Optical Sciences, under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, provides an expanding selection of research monographs in all major areas of optics: lasers and quantum optics, ultrafast phenomena, optical spectroscopy techniques, optoelectronics, quantum information, information optics, applied laser technology, industrial applications, and other topics of contemporary interest. With this broad coverage of topics, the series is of use to all research scientists and engineers who need up-to-date reference books. The editors encourage prospective authors to correspond with them in advance of submitting a manuscript. Submission of manuscripts should be made to the Editor-in-Chief or one of the Editors. See also www.springeronline.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief William T. Rhodes Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA E-mail: bill.rhodes@ece.gatech.edu Editorial Board Ali Adibi Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA E-mail: adibi@ee.gatech.edu Toshimitsu Asakura Hokkai-Gakuen University Faculty of Engineering 1-1, Minami-26, Nishi 11, Chuo-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan E-mail: asakura@eli.hokkai-s-u.ac.jp Theodor W. H¨ansch Max-planck-Institut f¨ur Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1 85748 Garching, Germany Email: t.w.haensch@physik.uni-muenchen.de Takeshi Kamiya Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science and Technology National Institution for Academic Degrees 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-0012, Japan E-mail: kamiyatk@niad.ac.jp Ferenc Krausz Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at M¨unchen Lehrstuhl f¨ur Experimentelle Physik Am Coulombwall 1 85748 Garching, Germany and Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Quantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1 85748 Garching, Germany E-mail: ferenc.krausz@mpq.mpg.de Bo Monemar Department of Physics and Measurement Technology Materials Science Division Link¨oping University 58183 Link¨oping, Sweden E-mail: bom@ifm.liu.se Motoichi Ohtsu University of Tokyo Department of Electronic Engineering 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8959, Japan E-mail: ohtsu@ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Herbert Venghaus Fraunhofer Institut f¨ur Nachrichtentechnik Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin, Germany E-mail: venghaus@hhi.de Horst Weber Technische Universit¨at Berlin Optisches Institut Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin, Germany E-mail: weber@physik.tu-berlin.de Harald Weinfurter Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at M¨unchen Sektion Physik Schellingstraße 4/III 80799 M¨unchen, Germany E-mail: harald.weinfurter@physik.uni-muenchen.de

Mark L. Brongersma (Editors) Pieter G. Kik Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics With 147 Figures

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4020-4349-9 (HB) ISBN: 978-1-4020-4333-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All rights reserved. C 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied speciﬁcally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

CONTENTS Preface 1. Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics Pieter G. Kik and Mark L. Brongersma 2. Near-Field and Far-Field Properties of Nanoparticle Arrays Andreas Hohenau, Alfred Leitner and Franz R. Aussenegg 3. Theory of Light Transmission Through Periodically Structured Nano-Apertures F.J. Garc´ıa-Vidal, F. L´opez-Tejeira, J. Bravo-Abad and L. Mart´ın-Moreno 4. Development and Near-Field Characterization of Surface Plasmon Waveguides J.-C. Weeber, A.-L. Baudrion, M. U. Gonz´alez, A. Dereux, Rashid Zia and Mark L. Brongersma 5. Numerical Simulations of Long-Range Plasmonic Transmission Lines Aloyse Degiron and David R. Smith 6. Surface Plasmon Polariton Guiding in Photonic Bandgap Structures Thomas Søndergaard and Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi 7. Subwavelength-Scale Plasmon Waveguides Harry A. Atwater, Jennifer A. Dionne and Luke A. Sweatlock 8. Optical Superlens X. Zhang, M. Ambati, N. Fang, H. Lee, Z. Liu, C. Sun and Y. Xiong vii 1 11 27 39 55 73 87 105 9. Optical Field Enhancement with Plasmon Resonant Bowtie Nanoantennas 125 G.S. Kino, Arvind Sundaramurthy, P.J. Schuck, D.P. Fromm and W.E. Moerner v

vi Contents 10. Near-Field Optical Excitation and Detection of Surface Plasmons Alexandre Bouhelier and Lukas Novotny 11. Principles of Near-Field Optical Mapping Alain Dereux 12. Overview of Simulation Techniques for Plasmonic Devices Georgios Veronis and Shanhui Fan 13. Plasmon Hybridization in Complex Nanostructures J.M. Steele, N.K. Grady, P. Nordlander and N.J. Halas 14. Sensing Proteins with Adaptive Metal Nanostructures Vladimir P. Drachev, Mark D. Thoreson and Vladimir M. Shalaev 139 155 169 183 197 15. Integrated Optics Based on Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polaritons 217 Pierre Berini 16. Localized Surface Plasmons for Optical Data Storage Beyond the Diffraction Limit Junji Tominaga 17. Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Zygmunt Gryczynski, Evgenia G. Matveeva, Nils Calander, Jian Zhang, Joseph R. Lakowicz and Ignacy Gryczynski Index 235 247 267

PREFACE At the moment the ﬁrst issue of this book appears, hundreds of groups around the world are pushing the boundaries of the ﬁeld of surface plasmon nanophotonics. The newfound ability to use metallic nanostructures to manipulate light at a length scale far below the diffraction limit has opened a myriad of exciting opportunities. Based on the exponential increase in the number of published papers every year (Chapter 1), it is clear that we are at the eve of a new revolution that will impact many ﬁelds of science and technology, including photonics, computation, the Internet, biology, medicine, materials science, physics, chemistry, and photovoltaics. It has been a great pleasure and honor to work with some of the leading scientists in the ﬁeld during the preparation of this work. The book truly reﬂects the present status of this rapidly developing area of science and technology and highlights some of the important historic developments. Most of the chapters discuss ongoing scientiﬁc research, and promising future directions are identiﬁed. Plasmon excitations in single and periodic arrays of metallic nanostructures are discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. The unique properties of metallic waveguides and metallo-dielectric photonic crystal structures that can route information on a chip are treated in Chapters 3 through 7. Surface Plasmon Mediated Field Concentration and Imaging methods, including su- perlenses and nanoscale optical antennas, are described in Chapters 8 through 10. The rapid developments in nanoscale optical probes that can visualize the ﬂow of light and new, powerful electromagnetic simulation tools are treated in Chapters 11 through 13. The ﬁnal chapters (Chapters 14–17) analyze a set of exciting applications of surface plasmon nanophotonics with tremendous commercialization potential, ranging from biology to data storage, and integrated optics. We would like to thank all of the contributing authors for providing us with such excellent snapshots of the current state of the ﬁeld of plasmonics. We would also like to acknowledge Kathleen Di Zio and Beatriz Rold´an Cuenya for boundless mental and moral support. Kathy also contributed in a signiﬁcant way by carefully proofreading many of the chapters and providing useful editorial comments. It has been a great pleasure to work with each and every one of you. The Editors Mark L. Brongersma Pieter G. Kik vii

CHAPTER ONE SURFACE PLASMON NANOPHOTONICS PIETER G. KIK1 AND MARK L. BRONGERSMA2 1CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA 2 Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 1.1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, we have witnessed a ﬂurry of activity in the fundamental research and development of surface plasmon based structures and devices. Surface plasmons are collective charge oscillations that occur at the interface between conductors and dielectrics. They can take various forms, ranging from freely propagating electron density waves along metal surfaces to localized electron oscillations on metal nanopar- ticles. Their unique properties enable a wide range of practical applications, including light guiding and manipulation at the nanoscale, biodetection at the single molecule level, enhanced optical transmission through subwavelength apertures, and high res- olution optical imaging below the diffraction limit. This book is intended for people entering this diverse and rapidly growing ﬁeld, recently termed “Plasmonics”. It cov- ers the fundamentals of surface plasmon science as well as some of the exciting new applications. The contributing Authors include world leaders in the ﬁeld. Together they provide an overview of the current state-of-the art and their personal views on where the ﬁeld is heading. The Editors hope that by reading this book you will get caught up in the excitement and join us to deﬁne and shape the future of Plasmonics. 1.2. SURFACE PLASMONS—A BRIEF HISTORY Well before scientists set out to study the unique optical properties of metal nanostruc- tures, they were employed by artists to generate vibrant colors in glass artifacts and in the staining of church windows. One of the most famous examples is the Lycurgus cup dating back to the Byzantine Empire (4th century AD). Some of the ﬁrst scien- tiﬁc studies in which surface plasmons were observed date back to the beginning of the twentieth century. In the year 1902 Prof. Robert W. Wood observes unexplained M.L. Brongersma and P.G. Kik (eds.), Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, 1–9. C 2007 Springer. 1

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