基于MATLAB,Maple, MathCad的计算光学.pdf

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cover-image-large

front-matter

chapter 01

chapter 02

chapter 03

chapter 04

chapter 05

chapter 06

chapter 07

chapter 08

chapter 09

chapter 10

chapter 11

back-matter

Optics

OPTICS Learning by Computing, with Examples Using Mathcad®, Matlab®, Mathematica®, and Maple® Second Edition K.D. M¨oller With 308 Illustrations Includes CD-ROM With Mathcad Matlab Mathematica 123

K.D. M¨oller Department of Physics New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ 07102 USA M¨oller, Karl Dieter, 1927– Optics: learning by computing with examples using MathCAD / Karl Dieter M¨oller. p. cm.—(Undergraduate texts in contemporary physics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-95360-4 (alk. paper) 1. Geometrical optics—Data processing. I. Title. II. Series. 2. MathCAD. 3. Matlab. 4. Mathematica. 5. Maple. QC381.M66 2002 535 0285—dc21 .32 2002030382 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-26168-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-69492-4 Printed on acid-free paper. Mathcad is a registered trademark of MathSoft Engineering & Education, Inc. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identiﬁed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

To colleagues, staff, and students of the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey

Preface The book is for readers who want to use model computational ﬁles for fast learning of the basics of optics. In the Second Edition, Matlab, Mathematica and Maples ﬁles have been added to the Mathcad ﬁles on the CD of the First Edition. The applications, given at the end of ﬁles to suggest different points of view on the subject, are extended to home work problems and are also on the CD of the Second Edition. While the book is suited well for self learning, it was written over several years for a one semester course in optics for juniors and seniors in science and engineering. The applications provide a simulated laboratory where students can learn by exploration and discovery instead of passive absorption. The text covers all the standard topics of a traditional optics course, includ- ing: geometrical optics and aberration, interference and diffraction, coherence, Maxwell’s equations, wave guides and propagating modes, blackbody radiation, atomic emission and lasers, optical properties of materials, Fourier transforms and FT spectroscopy, image formation, and holography. It contains step by step derivations of all basic formulas in geometrical and wave optics. The basic text is supplemented by over 170 Mathcad, Matlab, Mathematica and Maple ﬁles, each suggesting programs to solve a particular problem, and each linked to a topic in or application of optics. The computer ﬁles are dynamic, allowing the reader to see instantly the effects of changing parameters in the equations. Students are thus encouraged to ask “what . . . if” questions to asses the physical implications of the formulas. To integrate the ﬁles into the text, applications are listed connecting the formulas and the corresponding computer ﬁle, and problems for all 11 chapters are on the CD. The availability of the numerical Fourier transform makes possible an intro- duction to the wave theory of imaging, spatial ﬁltering, holography and Fourier transform spectroscopy. vii

viii PREFACE The book is written for the study of particular projects but can easily be adapted to a variation of related studies. The three fold arrangement of text, applications and ﬁles makes the book suitable for “self-learning” by scientists and engineers who would like to refresh their knowledge of optics. All ﬁles are printed out and are available on a CD, (Mathcad 7) (Mathcad 2000) (Matlab 6.5) (Mathematica 4.1) (Maple 9.5) and may well serve as starting points to ﬁnd solutions to more complex problems as experienced by engineers in their applications. The book can be used in optical laboratories with faculty-student interaction. The ﬁles may be changed and extended to study the assigned projects, and the student may be required to hand in printouts of all assigned applications and summarize what he has been learned. I would like to thank Oren Sternberg and Assaf Sternberg for the translation of the ﬁles into Matlab, Mathematica and Maples, Prof. Ken Chin and Prof. Haim Grebel of New Jersey Institute of Technology for continuous support, and my wife for always keeping me in good spirit. Newark, New Jersey K.D. M¨oller

Contents Preface . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.2 1.3 1 Geometrical Optics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fermat’s Principle and the Law of Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prisms . 1.3.1 Angle of Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convex Spherical Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Image Formation and Conjugate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 1.4.2 Sign Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 Object and Image Distance, Object and Image Focus, Real and 1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1 1 2 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 17 19 23 23 24 25 25 30 33 35 ix Virtual Objects, and Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 Real Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magniﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.5 Virtual Objects, Geometrical Constructions, . . . and Magniﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concave Spherical Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thin Lens Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 Thin Lens Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.2 Object Focus and Image Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.3 Magniﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.4 Positive Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.5 Negative Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.6 Thin Lens and Two Different Media on the Outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.6 1.7

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