Electromagnetic Shielding.pdf

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Electromagnetic Shielding

Contents

Preface

1 Electromagnetics behind Shielding

1.1 Definitions

1.2 Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms

1.3 Basic Electromagnetics

1.3.1 Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell’s Equations

1.3.2 Constitutive Relations

1.3.3 Discontinuities and Singularities

1.3.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions

1.3.5 Poynting’s Theorem and Energy Considerations

1.3.6 Fundamental Theorems

1.3.7 Wave Equations, Helmholtz Equations, Electromagnetic Potentials, and Green’s Functions

1.4 Basic Shielding Mechanisms

1.5 Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity

References

2 Shielding Materials

2.1 Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials

2.2 Ferrimagnetic Materials

2.3 Ferroelectric Materials

2.4 Thin Films and Conductive Coatings

2.5 Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications

2.5.1 Structural Materials

2.5.2 Conductive Polymers

2.5.3 Conductive Glasses and Transparent Materials

2.5.4 Conductive (and Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic) Papers

2.6 Special Materials

2.6.1 Metamaterials and Chiral Materials

2.6.2 Composite Materials

2.6.3 Nanomaterials

2.6.4 High-Temperature Superconductors

References

3 Figures of Merit for Shielding Configurations

3.1 (Local) Shielding Effectiveness

3.2 The Global Point of View

3.3 Other Proposals of Figures of Merit

3.4 Statistical Methods

3.5 Energy-Based, Content-Oriented Definition

3.6 Performance of Shielded Cables

References

4 Shielding Effectiveness of Stratified Media

4.1 Electromagnetic Plane Waves: Definitions and Properties

4.2 Uniform Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Shield

4.2.1 Transmission-Line Approach

4.2.2 The Single Planar Shield

4.2.3 Multiple (or Laminated) Shields

4.3 Plane Waves Normally Incident on Cylindrical Shielding Surfaces

4.4 Plane Waves against Spherical Shields

4.5 Limits to the Extension of the TL Analogy to Near-Field Sources

References

5 Numerical Methods for Shielding Analyses

5.1 Finite-Element Method

5.2 Method of Moments

5.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

5.4 Finite Integration Technique

5.5 Transmission-Line Matrix Method

5.6 Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method

5.7 Case Study: Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Enclosure with a Rectangular Aperture

References

6 Apertures in Planar Metal Screens

6.1 Historical Background

6.2 Statement of the Problem

6.3 Low-Frequency Analysis: Transmission through Small Apertures

6.4 The Small Circular-Aperture Case

6.5 Small Noncircular Apertures

6.6 Finite Number of Small Apertures

6.7 Rigorous Analysis for Apertures of Arbitrary Shape: Integral Equation Formulation

6.8 Rules of Thumb

References

7 Enclosures

7.1 Modal Expansion of Electromagnetic Fields inside a Metallic Enclosure

7.2 Oscillations inside an Ideal Source-Free Enclosure

7.3 The Enclosure Dyadic Green Function

7.4 Excitation of a Metallic Enclosure

7.5 Damped Oscillations inside Enclosures with Lossy Walls and Quality Factor

7.6 Apertures in Perfectly Conducting Enclosures

7.6.1 Small-Aperture Approximation

7.6.2 Rigorous Analysis: Integral-Equation Formulation

7.6.3 Aperture-Cavity Resonances

7.7 Small Loading Effects

7.8 The Rectangular Enclosure

7.8.1 Symmetry Considerations

7.9 Shielding Effectiveness of a Rectangular Enclosure with a Circular Hole

7.9.1 External Sources: Plane-Wave Excitation

7.9.2 Internal Sources: Electric and Magnetic Dipole Excitations

References

8 Cable Shielding

8.1 Transfer Impedance in Tubular Shielded Cables and Aperture Effects

8.2 Relationship between Transfer Impedance and Shielding Effectiveness

8.3 Actual Cables and Harnesses

References

9 Components and Installation Guidelines

9.1 Gaskets

9.2 Shielded Windows

9.3 Electromagnetic Absorbers

9.4 Shielded Connectors

9.5 Air-Ventilation Systems

9.6 Fuses, Switches, and Other Similar Components

References

10 Frequency Selective Surfaces

10.1 Analysis of Periodic Structures

10.1.1 Floquet’s Theorem and Spatial Harmonics

10.1.2 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 1D Periodic Structure

10.1.3 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 2D Periodic Structure

10.2 High- and Low-Pass FSSs

10.3 Band-Pass and Band-Stop FSSs

10.3.1 Center-Connected Elements or N-Pole Elements

10.3.2 Loop-Type Elements

10.3.3 Solid-Interior-Type Elements

10.3.4 Combinations and Fractal Elements

10.4 Degrees of Freedom in Designing FSSs

10.5 Reconfigurable and Active FSSs

10.6 FSSs and Circuit Analog Absorbers

10.7 Modeling and Design of FSSs

References

11 Shielding Design Guidelines

11.1 Establishment of the Shielding Requirements

11.2 Assessment of the Number and Types of Functional Discontinuities

11.3 Assessment of Dimensional Constraints and Nonelectromagnetic Characteristics of Materials

11.4 Estimation of Shielding Performance

References

12 Uncommon Ways of Shielding

12.1 Active Shielding

12.2 Partial Shields

12.3 Chiral Shielding

12.4 Metamaterial Shielding

References

Appendix A Electrostatic Shielding

A.1 Basics Laws of Electrostatics

A.2 Electrostatic Tools: Electrostatic Potential and Green’s Function

A.3 Electrostatic Shields

A.3.1 Conductive Electrostatic Shields

A.3.2 Dielectric Electrostatic Shields

A.3.3 Aperture Effects in Conductive Shields

References

Appendix B Magnetic Shielding

B.1 Magnetic Shielding Mechanism

B.2 Calculation Methods

B.3 Boundary-Value Problems

B.3.1 Spherical Magnetic Conducting Shield

B.3.2 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Transverse Magnetic Field

B.3.3 Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Parallel Magnetic Field

B.3.4 Infinite Plane

B.4 Ferromagnetic Shields with Hysteresis

References

Appendix C Standards and Measurement Methods

C.1 MIL-STD 285 and IEEE STD-299

C.2 NSA 65-6 and NSA 94-106

C.3 ASTM E1851

C.4 ASTM D4935

C.5 MIL-STD 461E

C.6 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15

C.7 ANSI\SCTE 48-3

C.8 MIL-STD 1377

C.9 IEC Standards

C.10 ITU-T Recommendations

C.11 Automotive Standards

References

Index

Electromagnetic Shielding SALVATORE CELOZZI RODOLFO ARANEO GIAMPIERO LOVAT Electrical Engineering Department ‘‘La Sapienza’’ University Rome, Italy IEEE Press A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Electromagnetic Shielding

WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING KAI CHANG, Editor Texas A&M University A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.

Copyright # 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and speciﬁcally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or ﬁtness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of proﬁt or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Celozzi, Salvatore. Electromagnetic shielding / Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, Giampiero Lovat. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-05536-6 1. Shielding (Electricity) 2. Magnetic shielding. II. Lovat, Giampiero. III. Title. TK454.4.M33C45 2008 621.3–dc22 I. Araneo, Rodolfo. 2008006387 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTSCON Contents Preface 1 Electromagnetics behind Shielding 1.1 Deﬁnitions 1.2 Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms 1.3 Basic Electromagnetics 1.3.1 Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell’s Equations 1.3.2 Constitutive Relations 1.3.3 Discontinuities and Singularities 1.3.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions 1.3.5 Poynting’s Theorem and Energy Considerations 1.3.6 Fundamental Theorems 1.3.7 Wave Equations, Helmholtz Equations, Electromagnetic Potentials, and Green’s Functions 1.4 Basic Shielding Mechanisms 1.5 Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity References 2 Shielding Materials 2.1 Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials 2.2 Ferrimagnetic Materials 2.3 Ferroelectric Materials 2.4 Thin Films and Conductive Coatings 2.5 Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications 2.5.1 Structural Materials 2.5.2 Conductive Polymers xi 1 1 3 4 4 6 9 11 11 13 15 18 18 19 21 21 27 28 30 32 32 32 v

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