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P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come High Efﬁciency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Ampliﬁers High Efficiency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini and Ernesto Limiti © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51300-2

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come High Efﬁciency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Ampliﬁers Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini, and Ernesto Limiti Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Roma, Tor Vergata, Italy A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come This edition ﬁrst published 2009. C 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered ofﬁce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial ofﬁces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identiﬁed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Colantonio, Paolo. High efﬁciency RF and microwave solid state power ampliﬁers / Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini, Ernesto Limiti. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-51300-2 (cloth) 1. Power ampliﬁers. 2. Ampliﬁers, Radio frequency. 3. Microwave ampliﬁers. 4. Solid state electronics. I. Giannini, Franco, 1944– II. Limiti, Ernesto. III. Title. TK7871.58.P6C65 2009 621.381 325–dc22 2009015213 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-470-51300-2 (Hbk) Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India. Printed in Great Britain, by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come Contents Preface About the Authors Acknowledgments 1 Power Ampliﬁer Fundamentals Introduction 1.1 1.2 Deﬁnition of Power Ampliﬁer Parameters 1.3 Distortion Parameters Intercept Point IPn 1.3.1 Harmonic Distortion 1.3.2 AM-AM/AM-PM 1.3.3 Two-tone Intermodulation 1.3.4 1.3.5 Carrier to Intermodulation Ratio 1.3.6 Spurious Free Dynamic Range 1.3.7 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 1.3.8 Noise and Co-Channel Power Ratio (NPR and CCPR) 1.3.9 Multi-tone Intermodulation Ratio 1.3.10 Error Vector Magnitude 1.4 Power Match Condition 1.5 Class of Operation 1.6 Overview of Semiconductors for PAs 1.7 Devices for PA 1.7.1 Requirements for Power Devices 1.7.2 BJT 1.7.3 HBT 1.7.4 FET 1.7.5 MOSFET 1.7.6 LDMOS 1.7.7 MESFET 1.7.8 HEMT 1.7.9 General Remarks 1.8 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships 1.9 References xi xiii xv 1 1 2 7 9 10 10 13 14 15 15 17 19 20 20 23 25 28 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 40 42 44

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come vi CONTENTS 2 Power Ampliﬁer Design 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Design Flow 2.3 Simpliﬁed Approaches 2.4 The Tuned Load Ampliﬁer 2.5 Sample Design of a Tuned Load PA 2.6 References 3 Nonlinear Analysis for Power Ampliﬁers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Linear vs. Nonlinear Circuits 3.3 Time Domain Integration 3.3.1 Iterative Algorithm (Newton–Raphson and Fixed-point) 3.4 Example 3.4.1 Forward Euler Solution 3.4.2 Backward Euler Solution 3.4.3 Steady-state Analysis and Shooting Method 3.4.4 Example 3.5 Solution by Series Expansion 3.6 The Volterra Series 3.6.1 Response to a Single-tone Excitation 3.6.2 Response to a Two-tone Excitation 3.6.3 The Probing Method 3.6.4 Example 3.6.5 Cascade of Systems 3.7 The Fourier Series 3.8 The Harmonic Balance 3.8.1 Example 3.8.2 Multi-tone HB Analysis 3.9 Envelope Analysis 3.10 Spectral Balance 3.11 Large Signal Stability Issue 3.12 References 4 Load Pull 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Passive Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems 4.3 Active Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems 4.3.1 Two-signal Path Technique 4.3.2 Active Loop Technique 4.4 Measurement Test-sets 4.4.1 Scalar Systems 4.4.2 VNA Based Systems 4.4.3 Six-port Reﬂectometer Based Systems 4.5 Advanced Load Pull Measurements Intermodulation Measurements 4.5.1 4.5.2 Time-domain Waveform Load Pull 4.5.3 Pulsed Load Pull 4.6 Source/Load Pull Characterization 49 49 49 57 63 71 82 85 85 87 88 91 92 94 94 98 99 101 101 103 104 106 107 110 113 114 120 122 123 125 126 127 131 131 132 137 138 138 143 143 146 148 151 151 153 156 156

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come CONTENTS vii 4.7 Determination of Optimum Load Condition 4.7.1 Example of Simpliﬁed Load Pull Contour 4.7.2 Design of an Ampliﬁer Stage using Simpliﬁed Load Pull Contours 4.8 Appendix: Construction of Simpliﬁed Load Pull Contours through Linear Simulations 4.9 References 5 High Efﬁciency PA Design Theory 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Power Balance in a PA 5.3 Ideal Approaches 5.3.1 Tuned Load 5.3.2 Class F or Inverse Class F (Class F 5.3.3 Class E or General Switched-mode −1) 5.4 High Frequency Harmonic Tuning Approaches 5.4.1 Mathematical Statements 5.5 High Frequency Third Harmonic Tuned (Class F) 5.6 High Frequency Second Harmonic Tuned 5.7 High Frequency Second and Third Harmonic Tuned 5.8 Design by Harmonic Tuning 5.8.1 Truncated Sinusoidal Current Waveform 5.8.2 Quadratic Current Waveform 5.8.3 Rectangular Current Waveform 5.9 Final Remarks 5.10 References 6 Switched Ampliﬁers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Ideal Class E Ampliﬁer 6.3 Class E Behavioural Analysis 6.4 Low Frequency Class E Ampliﬁer Design 6.5 Class E Ampliﬁer Design with 50% Duty-cycle 6.5.1 Practical Implementation and Variants of Class E Power Ampliﬁers 6.5.2 High Frequency Class E Ampliﬁers 6.6 Examples of High Frequency Class E Ampliﬁers 6.6.1 C-Band GaAs Class E Ampliﬁer 6.6.2 X-Band GaAs Class E Ampliﬁer 6.6.3 S-Band GaN Class E Ampliﬁer 6.6.4 S-Band LDMOS Class E Ampliﬁer 6.7 Class E vs. Harmonic Tuned 6.8 Class E Final Remarks 6.9 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships 6.10 References 7 High Frequency Class F Power Ampliﬁers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Class F Description Based on Voltage Wave-shaping 7.3 High Frequency Class F Ampliﬁers 7.3.1 Effects of Device Output Resistance Rds 160 164 168 169 172 177 177 178 181 182 182 183 184 185 190 196 202 208 211 214 216 219 221 223 223 224 225 230 234 237 240 245 246 247 252 254 257 260 261 263 267 267 268 273 277

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH FM JWBK390/Colantonio P2: OTE July 2, 2009 21:18 Printer Name: Yet to Come viii CONTENTS 7.4 Bias Level Selection 7.5 Class F Output Matching Network Design 7.6 Class F Design Examples 7.7 References 8 High Frequency Harmonic Tuned Power Ampliﬁers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Theory of Harmonic Tuned PA Design 8.3 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Theoretical Analysis 8.4 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Experimental Results 8.5 Output Device Nonlinear Phenomena 8.6 Design of a Second HT Power Ampliﬁer 8.7 Design of a Second and Third HT Power Ampliﬁer 8.8 Example of 2nd HT GaN PA 8.9 Final Remarks 8.10 References 9 High Linearity in Efﬁcient Power Ampliﬁers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Systems Classiﬁcation 9.3 Linearity Issue 9.4 Bias Point Inﬂuence on IMD 9.5 Harmonic Loading Effects on IMD 9.5.1 High Linearity and High Efﬁciency PA Design Process 9.5.2 High Linearity and High Efﬁciency PA Design Example 9.6 Appendix: Volterra Analysis Example 9.7 References 10 Power Combining Introduction 10.1 10.2 Device Scaling Properties 10.3 Power Budget 10.4 Power Combiner Classiﬁcation 10.5 The T-junction Power Divider 10.5.1 Resistive Divider 10.6 Wilkinson Combiner 10.6.1 Two-way Equal Splitter Wilkinson Combiner/divider 10.6.2 Two-way Unequal Splitter Wilkinson Combiner/divider 10.6.3 Two-way Wilkinson with Arbitrary Impedances 10.6.4 Other Two-way Wilkinson Structures 10.6.5 Planarization of N-way Wilkinson Splitter/combiner 10.6.6 Design Considerations on Wilkinson Splitter/combiner 10.7 The Quadrature (90 ) Hybrid ◦ 10.7.1 Branch-line 10.7.2 Coupled Line Directional Couplers 10.7.3 The Lange Coupler Hybrid (Ring Coupler or Rat-race) ◦ 10.8 The 180 10.9 Bus-bar Combiner 280 286 289 295 297 297 298 303 309 316 321 328 335 336 339 341 341 342 345 347 352 354 358 362 365 369 369 370 371 373 377 379 380 383 385 386 387 388 391 395 395 400 404 405 407

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