2018年9月托福真题回忆及解析.doc

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2018 年 9 月托福真题回忆及解析备考是一种经历，也是一种体验。每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。无忧考网搜集整理了 2018 年 9 月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。 2018 年 9 月举行了 5 场考试，时间分别为 9 月 2 日、9 月 8 日、9 月 9 日、9 月 15 日、9 月 16 日。以下内容仅供参考。 9 月 2 日托福口语真题回忆： Task 1 内容回忆：If universities are given financial support to develop researches, which one do you think would receive more benefits? A. To predict weather more accurately. B. To clean rivers and ocean. C. To deal with outer space. 参考答案：Personally speaking, I think cleaning rivers and ocean will be the best option for university to develop researches on. We all know that water plays a significant role not only in humans’ lives but also for other animals. First off, we have to ensure our drinking water is clean, without toxic chemicals or pollutants. Then, the quality of water is also important for aquatic lives, some of which have even been driven to extinction due to water pollution. Therefore, the research from university contributes to the well-being of many livings, and this conduction could, in some way, motivate more students to concern about the environment condition, and take actions. So I think it’s meaningful and worthwhile to do this. Task 2 内容回忆：你觉得交朋友都是一个年龄的好还是不同年龄的好? 参考答案：I firmly believe that making friends with people in different ages is interesting and beneficial. I myself have lots of friends who are 10 years older than me, and also, some friends who are 5 to 10 years younger than me. This can truly expand my horizon. I mean, with senior friends, I grow up fast, because they are experienced and sophisticated. Listening to their perspectives about the world let me be wiser and calmer. On the other hand, young friends are not so mature, but they are simpler, and always energetic. I often go hiking or try some extreme sports with them. These activities make my life more wonderful. Plus, I know the world’ s latest trend from my younger friends. Task 3 阅读：旧自行车利用计划听力：女生不同意，有许多学生有自己的车子，并且共享单车学生不想修。 Task 4 阅读：通过听闻或者个人经历来做决定

听力：一个人去买一辆已经看好的车，有一个人告诉他车修不好，修理的地方很远，他就有点不想买了。然后回家问了一个专家，专家说车很好，然后他就买了。 Task 5 问题：女学生的一些画画的工具保管在学校 building 里，学期末了，要求学生今天必须拿走，否则就会被清理掉解决方案： 1：顾虑是她住得远不方便提东西，用袋子去装挺多挺麻烦的； 2：是借 lisa 的车，但是她在准备考试不方便打扰她。 Task 6 话题：固定时间睡觉要点：大猩猩晚上睡觉，一是因为 save energy，二是躲避敌人。 9 月 2 日托福听力真题回忆： Conversation Conversation1 话题分类：学术类-论文话题内容回忆：学生说我要毕业了，break 期间要留在学校写论文，写一天论文很累，能不能让学校把 gym 开放，我们 break 期间可以使用。Dean 说这个是给大决定。学生说校足球队篮球队在 break 期间都可以继续使用 gym. Dean 说他们有教练，这样比较安全。Gym 以前从未开放过，这是一个大事情，学校一般不会同意的，要是你们实在想去，可以去镇上的，镇上的 gym 还对学生打折。参考听力：Tpo 12-conversation1 Conversation2 话题分类：工作类内容回忆：教授一开始看学生说你文章写的很好，现在学校要招一个新的写作 tutor，你有没有兴趣。学生说，我不是英语专业的，我是生物专业的，这样会不会不好。教授说你的写作已经达到了一定水平，所以可以的，没有问题，而且生物学科背景正好可以帮助有类似背景的学生。而且这个有培训，先培训然后有一个 mentor 来辅导你，过了 supervising 期了之后你才独立。Susan 去年就在做 tutor, 今年还在做，你可以去问问她，她现在在图书馆。参考听力：Tpo11-conversation2 Conversation3 话题分类：课堂讨论内容回忆：讨论一个希腊的剧，学生看不懂参考听力：Tpo39-conversation1 Conversation4 话题分类：咨询类内容回忆：一个学生活动的彩排和调整时间参考听力：Tpo16-conversation1

Lecture Lecture1 话题分类：考古学内容回忆：新石器时代是人们开始驯化动物，培育作物的时代，人们一般认为这个时候的人吃肉，但是考古发现他们有 grinding tools, 所以研究他们 grind 的是什么物质。列举了好几种猜测，重点谈了 flour 的来源和用法。参考听力：Tpo29-lecture3 Lecture2 话题分类：天文学内容回忆：讲了 multiple companion-star system 和 binary companion-star system. 两个系统的共同点和不同点参考听力：Tpo38-lecture4 too 41-lecture4. Tpo42-lecture2 Lecture3 话题分类：地质学内容回忆：白垩纪晚期气候变化。海平面上升，全球气温升高，然后下降。探讨了几种测量方法。isotope 18. 参考听力：Tpo15-lecture2 Lecture4 话题分类：艺术类内容回忆：liveperformance 是活生生的，面对观众的，只存在于记忆中和历史记录中，基本上很少有 live performance 在博物馆出现。然后教授转折介绍了一个在博物馆展览的 live performance。艺术家和观众面对面坐着沉思。参加的人很多，平均下来每个人坐了 20 分钟。一开始以为这种艺术没有人参加的，后来发现很多人。参考听力：Tpo24-lecture2 tpo23-lecture4 Lecture5 话题分类：自然科学内容回忆：某种特殊形态的 glacier 参考听力：Tpo7-lecture4 Lecture6 话题分类：人类学内容回忆：鼓的进化参考听力：Tpo7-lecture3 Too 36-lecture2 Lecture7 话题分类：文学类内容回忆：介绍作家简-奥斯汀参考听力：Tpo4-lecture2 tpo43-lecture3 Lecture8 话题分类：心理学内容回忆：群体决策对他人的影响参考听力：Tpo2-lecture1 9 月 2 日托福阅读真题回忆：

Passage one 学科分类：生物学题目：Differences of Biodiversity in geographical patterns 内容回忆：整篇文章结构属于问题解释+比较对比型;而且最后一题出现了很久没有考过的七选五，分别选出热带和温带生物多样性的不同特点。配了两张图。首段：赤道地区和温带地区物种的多样性是不同的，热带地区物种多样性要比温带好很多，然后举了很多物种的例子; 第二段：有很多理论提出来解释这个现象。第一个理论是：热带地区接受的光照和降水要比温带地区多很多，意味着 reproduce material 也要多很多，有助于植物的 reproduce， reproductive 的速度也好高很多，有利于多种生物的生存，但是温带地区就要少很多。举了很多例子。第三段：第二个理论是：热带地区气候比较稳定;有利于多种多样动植物的进化和发展在一个比较持续稳定的环境中进行，没有干扰和中断;但是温带地区气候季节变化比较大，很多生物要存活下来要能够忍受极端的寒冷，还举了间冰期的例子。所以物种的存活和进化需要很长的时间。第四段：热带地区比温带地区持续的区间范围大。热带地区是沿着赤道向南北延伸，是一个整块的连续的地理范围，但是温带地区是分别分散在北半球和南半球的。同时因为热带地区温度较高，所以 parasite 比较多，这样就不利于同一种单一植物大范围的生长，扩大了同种植物的地理间隔;而温带地区因为冬季会杀死一部分植物，所以很多植物是单一物种集中生长的。第五段：热带地区任何一个 canopy 都可能是一个 community, 环境适合多种生物生长，但是温带地区则不然。参考阅读：Geographic Isolation of Species Biologist Ernst Mayr defined a species as "an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so. A key event in the origin of many species is the separation of a population with its gene pool (all of the genes in a population at any one time) from other populations of the same species, thereby preventing population interbreeding. With its gene pool isolated, a separate population can follow its own evolutionary course. In the formation of many species, the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier. This mode of evolving new species is called allopatric speciation. Many factors can isolate a population geographically. A mountain range may emerge and gradually split a population of organisms that can inhabit only lowland lakes; certain fish populations might become isolated in this way. Similarly, a creeping glacier may gradually divide a population, or a land bridge such as the Isthmus of Panama may form and separate the marine life in the ocean waters on either side.

How formidable must a geographic barrier be to keep populations apart? It depends on the ability of the organisms to move across barriers. Birds and coyotes can easily cross mountains and rivers. The passage of wind-blown tree pollen is also not hindered by such barriers, and the seeds of many plants may be carried back and forth on animals. In contrast, small rodents may find a deep canyon or a wide river an effective barrier. For example, the Grand Canyon, in the southwestern United States, separates the range of the white-tailed antelope squirrel from that of the closely related Harris' antelope squirrel. Smaller, with a shorter tail that is white underneath, the white-tailed antelope squirrel inhabits deserts north of the canyon and west of the Colorado River in southern California. Harris' antelope squirrel has a more limited range in deserts south of the Grand Canyon. Geographic isolation creates opportunities for new species to develop, but it does not necessarily lead to new species because speciation occurs only when the gene pool undergoes enough changes to establish reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population. The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a population is small as well as isolated, making it more likely than a large population to have its gene pool changed substantially. For example, in less than two million years, small populations of stray animals and plants from the South American mainland that managed to colonize the Galapagos Islands gave rise to all the species that now inhabit the islands. When oceanic islands are far enough apart to permit populations to evolve in isolation, but close enough to allow occasional dispersions to occur, they are effectively outdoor laboratories of evolution. The Galapagos island chain is one of the world's greatest showcases of evolution. Each island was born from underwater volcanoes and was gradually covered by organisms derived from strays that rode the ocean currents and winds from other islands and continents. Organisms can also be carried to islands by other organisms, such as sea birds that travel long distances with seeds clinging to their feathers. The species on the Galapagos Islands today, most of which occur nowhere else, descended from organisms that floated, flew, or were blown over the sea from the South American mainland. For instance, the Galapagos island chain has a total of thirteen species of closely related birds called Galapagos finches. These birds have many similarities but differ in their feeding habits and their beak type, which is correlated with what they eat. Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands. Completely isolated on the island after migrating from

the mainland, the founder population may have undergone significant changes in its gene pool and become a new species. Later, a few individuals of this new species may have been blown by storms to a neighboring island. Isolated on this second island, the second founder population could have evolved into a second new species, which could later recolonize the island from which its founding population emigrated. Today each Galapagos island has multiple species of finches, with as many as ten on some islands. Passage two 学科分类：生物学题目：Animal communication 内容回忆：整篇文章属于分类讨论，就是讨论动物交流的不同类型首段：动物交流会泄漏自己的位置给 predator,但是也会有很多好处：比如蜜蜂会跳舞来交流 food location (第一题是个句子简化题);可以帮助提高蜂巢里其他蜜蜂的存活率，也提高蜂后的生育率。第二段：动物的交流不止局限于同类物种之间，有时候 prey-predator 之间也会有交流，比如 gazelle 会使用一种叫做 stout 的动作(两个蹄子立起来)来告诉捕食的 lion，它们已经察觉到 lion 了，所以这次捕猎 lion 很可能会失败，这样属于对于双方都有利的交流。但是有时候这种交流是有害的，比如海豚会利用声波探知它要捕食鱼群位置。第三段：一般认为动物之间的这种交流是要有一个 sender 和一个 receiver 才能成立，但是有时候可能出现声音交流被两者意外的动物听到的情况，比如 bats 利用 frogs 求偶的声音来捕食猎物，这种情况还会有进一步的进化，比如猴子用一种自己物种能听到但是 farmer 听不到的声音来 warn each other 在它们偷庄稼的时候。第四段：现实的情况可能比之前的更复杂，动物们之间会有 honest signal 和 dishonest signal 两种情况。比如孔雀开屏就准确的反映了雄孔雀的健康状况，因为没有多余的营养用于伪装，虽然这种开屏也会可能引致捕食者。第五段：dishonest signal 的情况：一般认为蟾蜍的声音和它们的体型是有关系的，声音越低体型越大，实力越强。但是有一种特殊的蟾蜍会在争夺领地的过程中故意发出比自己实际体型相配更低的声音，让竞争者误以为遇到了很强劲的对手;另外一种情况是深海里一种鱼会伪装成另一种会发光的鱼的雄性，然后利用发光吸引雌性然后把它吃掉。参考阅读：Begging by Nestlings Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37

trials. Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls. The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint. Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds. If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously. As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should

result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging — such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise. Passage three 学科分类：历史学题目：Eli Terry’s clocks 内容回忆：以时间顺序介绍 Eli Terry 革新表的历史历程第一段：钟表一开始属于 luxury 的物品，不是普通人可以有的，然后大段介绍钟表手工制作的过程，非常精细(考了否定事实信息题)。一年估计一个师傅只能制作 12-20 个钟。第二段：Eli Terry 受到德国制造业的启发，革新了过程，使用木头而不是金属来制作零件，提高了制作效率，钟表的精确度虽然下降，但是也使价格下降到了一个大家都可以接受的范围。然后他受到军事思想的启发使用了流水化作业，建造了 water-powered 的工厂，提高了整体制作的数量，使得中产阶级也能享受由钟表带来的社会地位。第三段：虽然革新，但是还是运输不便，不能使大家都享受，很多人买了表之后要自己额外定做一个外壳。然后 1816 年进一步革新，使得钟表的受众范围进一步扩大，peddlers 也能够售卖。Eli Terry 还为此申请了一个专利，但是专利受到了大量仿制和侵权。第五段： Terry 为了应对侵权，要进一步改革表，他和一个来自其他机构的人一起革新制作了一种新的表。然后是新表的工艺。原先的木质框架用玻璃取代。虽然在工艺制造上的独创性并没有得到肯定，但是它引领了钟表的时尚潮流，确立了一种新的风潮。参考阅读：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night. Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to work, to open the market, to

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