Plasma Physics and Engineering.pdf

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cover Cover title: author: publisher: isbn10 | asin: print isbn13: ebook isbn13: language: subject publication date: lcc: ddc: subject: Plasma Physics and Engineering Fridman, Alexander A.; Kennedy, Lawrence A. Taylor & Francis Routledge 1560328487 9781560328483 9780203334874 English Plasma (Ionized gases) , Plasma engineering, Plasma (Gaz ionisÃ©s) , Plasmas, Technique des. 2004 QC718.F77 2004eb 530.4/4 Plasma (Ionized gases) , Plasma engineering, Plasma (Gaz ionisÃ©s) , Plasmas, Technique des. cover Page i Plasma Physics and Engineering Page ii This page intentionally left blank. Page iii Plasma Physics and Engineering Alexander Fridman Lawrence A.Kennedy NEW YORK • LONDON Page iv Denise T.Schanck, Vice President Robert L.Rogers, Senior Editor Summers Scholl, Editorial Assistant Savita Poornam, Marketing Manager Randy Harinandan, Marketing Assistant Susan Fox, Project Editor page_i page_ii page_iii file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

cover Shayna Murry, Cover Designer Published in 2004 by Taylor & Francis 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001-2299 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Published in Great Britain by Taylor & Francis 4 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon OX14 4RN www.taylorandfrancis.com Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fridman, Alexander A., 1953– Plasma physics and engineering/by Alexander A.Fridman and Lawrence A.Kennedy p. cm. ISBN 1-56032-848-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Plasma (Ionized gases). 2. Plasma engineering. I. Kennedy, Lawrence A., 1937– II. Title. QC718.F77 2004 530.4′4–dc22 2003022820 ISBN 0-203-33487-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 1-56032-848-7 (Print Edition) page_iv Page v Preface Plasma enjoys an important role in a wide variety of industrial processes, including material processing; environmental control; electronic chip manufacturing; light sources; bio-medicine; and space propulsion. It is also central to understanding most of the universe outside the Earth. As such, the focus of this book is to provide a thorough introduction to the subject and to be a valued reference that serves engineers and scientists as well as students. Plasma is not an elementary subject and the reader is expected to have the normal engineering background in thermodynamics, chemistry, physics, and fluid mechanics upon which to build an understanding of this subject. This text has been organized into two parts. Part I addresses the basic physics of plasma. Chapter 2 examines the elementary processes of charge species in plasma and Chapter 3 provides a thorough introduction to the elementary processes of excited molecules and atoms in plasmas. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 examine the kinetics of charged/excited particles and Chapter 6 gives a thorough introduction to the electrostatics, electrodynamics, and fluid mechanics of plasma. Part II addresses the physics and engineering of electric discharges, specifically examining glow and arc discharges (Chapter 7 and Chapter 8); cold atmospheric pressure discharges typically associated with corona, dielectric barrier, and spark discharges (Chapter 9); plasma created in high-frequency electromagnetic fields characterized by radio-frequency, microwave, and optical discharges (Chapter 10); and discharges in aerosols and dusty plasmas (Chapter 11). The second part of Chapter 12 concludes with discussions on electron beam plasmas. The authors have drawn upon extensive work in the Russian literature in addition to the more accessible results from the West. We believe that this will add an important dimension to development of this subject. This text is adaptable to a wide range of needs. The material has been taught to graduate and senior-level students from most engineering disciplines and physics. For the latter, it can be packaged to focus on the basic physics of plasma with only selections from discharge applications. For graduate courses, a faster pace file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

cover can be set that covers Part I and Part II. Presently, the text is used for a plasma engineering course sequence (Plasma I, Plasma II) at Drexel University. We gratefully acknowledge the loving support of our wives, Irene Fridman and Valaree Kennedy; the governmental research support of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, together with our long-term industrial sponsors, Air Liquide, Texaco, Kodak, Georgia Pacific, and Applied Materials. We especially appreciate John and Chris Nyheim and the Kaplan family for their support of plasma research at Drexel University and University of Illinois at Chicago. Additionally, we gratefully acknowledge the invaluable, stimulating discussions with our colleagues, Professors Young Cho, Gary Friedman, Baki Farouk, Alexei V.Saveliev page_v Page vi and Alexander Gutsol, and our students. We thank K.Gutsol, A.Fridman, G. Fridman, and A.Chirokov for help with illustrations. Alexander Fridman Lawrence A.Kennedy page_vi Page vii Table of Contents PART I Fundamentals of Plasma Physics and Plasma Chemistry Chapter 1 Plasma in Nature, in the Laboratory, and in Industry Chapter 2 1.1 Occurrence of Plasma: Natural and Manmade Plasmas 1.2 Gas Discharges 1.3 Plasma Applications: Plasmas in Industry 1.4 Plasma Applications for Environmental Control 1.5 Plasma Applications in Energy Conversion 1.6 Plasma Application for Material Processing Elementary Processes of Charged Species in Plasma Page viii 2.1 Elementary Charged Particles in Plasma and Their Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 2.1.1 Electrons 2.1.2 Positive Ions 2.1.3 Negative Ions 2.1.4 Elementary Processes of Charged Particles 2.1.5 Fundamental Parameters of Elementary Processes 2.1.6 Reaction Rate Coefficients 2.1.7 Elementary Elastic Collisions of Charged Particles 2.2 Ionization Processes 2.2.1 Direct Ionization by Electron Impact 2.2.2 Direct Ionization Rate Coefficient 2.2.3 Peculiarities of Dissociation of Molecules by Electron Impact: the Frank-Condon Principle and the Process of Dissociative Ionization 2.2.4 Stepwise Ionization by Electron Impact 2.2.5 Ionization by High Energy Electron Beams 2.2.6 Photoionization Processes 2.2.7 Ionization by Collisions of Heavy Particles: Adiabatic Principle and Massey Parameter 2.2.8 The Penning Ionization Effect and Process of Associative Ionization 2.3 Mechanisms of Electron Losses: Electron-Ion Recombination 2.3.1 Different Mechanisms of Electron-Ion Recombination 2.3.2 Dissociative Electron-Ion Recombination page_vii 2.3.3 Ion Conversion Reactions as a Preliminary Stage of Dissociative Electron-Ion Recombination 1 3 4 6 8 10 11 13 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 24 26 28 29 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

cover Chapter 3 2.3.4 Three-Body Electron-Ion Recombination 2.3.5 Radiative Electron-Ion Recombination 2.4 Electron Losses due to Formation of Negative Ions: Electron Attachment and Detachment Processes 2.4.1 Dissociative Electron Attachment to Molecules 2.4.2 Three-Body Electron Attachment to Molecules 2.4.3 Other Mechanisms of Formation of Negative Ions 2.4.4 Mechanisms of Negative Ion Destruction: Associative Detachment Processes 2.4.5 Electron Impact Detachment 2.4.6 Detachment in Collisions with Excited Particles 2.5 Ion-Ion Recombination Processes 2.5.1 Ion-Ion Recombination in Binary Collisions 2.5.2 Three-Body Ion-Ion Recombination: Thomson’s Theory 2.5.3 High-Pressure Limit of Three-Body Ion-Ion Recombination: Langevin Model 2.6 Ion-Molecular Reactions 2.6.1 Ion-Molecular Polarization Collisions: Langevin Rate Coefficient 2.6.2 The Ion-Atom Charge Transfer Processes 2.6.3 Nonresonant Charge Transfer Processes 2.6.4 Ion-Molecular Reactions with Rearrangement of Chemical Bonds 2.6.5 Ion-Molecular Chain Reactions and Plasma Catalysis 2.6.6 Ion-Molecular Processes of Cluster Growth: the Winchester Mechanism Problems and Concept Questions Elementary Processes of Excited Molecules and Atoms in Plasma 3.1 Electronically Excited Atoms and Molecules in Plasma 3.1.1 Electronically Excited Particles: Resonance and Metastable States 3.1.2 Electronically Excited Atoms 3.1.3 Electronic States of Molecules and Their Classification 3.1.4 Electronically Excited Molecules and Metastable Molecules 3.2 Vibrationally and Rotationally Excited Molecules 3.2.1 Potential Energy Curves for Diatomic Molecules: Morse Potential 3.2.2 Vibration of Diatomic Molecules: Model of Harmonic Oscillator page_viii Page ix 3.2.3 Vibration of Diatomic Molecules: Model of Anharmonic Oscillator 3.2.4 Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules: the Case of Discrete Vibrational Levels 3.2.5 Highly Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules: Vibrational Quasi Continuum 3.2.6 Rotationally Excited Molecules 3.3 Elementary Processes of Vibrational, Rotational, and Electronic Excitation of Molecules in Plasma 3.3.1 Vibrational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact 3.3.2 Lifetime of Intermediate Ionic States during Vibrational Excitation 3.3.3 Rate Coefficients of Vibrational Excitation by Electron Impact: Semiempirical Fridman’s 3.3.4 Rotational Excitation of Molecules by Electron Impact 3.3.5 Electronic Excitation of Atoms and Molecules by Electron Impact 3.3.6 Rate Coefficients of Electronic Excitation in Plasma by Electron Impact 3.3.7 Dissociation of Molecules by Direct Electron Impact 3.3.8 Distribution of Electron Energy in Nonthermal Discharges between Different Channels of Excitation Approximation and Ionization 3.4 Vibrational (VT) Relaxation; the Landau-Teller Formula 3.4.1 Vibrational-Translational (VT) Relaxation: Slow Adiabatic Elementary Process 3.4.2 Quantitative Relations for Probability of the Elementary Process of Adiabatic VT Relaxation 3.4.3 VT Relaxation Rate Coefficients for Harmonic Oscillators: Landau-Teller Formula 3.4.4 Vibrational VT Relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillators 3.4.5 Fast Nonadiabatic Mechanisms of VT Relaxation 3.4.6 VT Relaxation of Polyatomic Molecules 3.4.7 Effect of Rotation on the Vibrational Relaxation of Molecules 3.5 Vibrational Energy Transfer between Molecules: VV Relaxation Processes 3.5.1 Resonant VV Relaxation file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58] 40 42 42 43 46 47 48 50 51 52 52 55 56 58 58 61 64 65 66 67 69 73 73 74 74 77 78 81 81 84 86 88 92 94 96 96 97 100 101 103 104 106 107 113 113 115 117 119 121 122 124 125 125

cover 3.5.2 VV Relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillators 3.5.3 Intermolecular VV′ Exchange 3.5.4 VV Exchange of Polyatomic Molecules 3.6 Processes of Rotational and Electronic Relaxation of Excited Molecules 3.6.1 Rotational Relaxation 3.6.2 Relaxation of Electronically Excited Atoms and Molecules 3.6.3 Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer Processes page_ix 127 130 132 135 135 137 138 Page x Chapter 4 3.7 Elementary Chemical Reactions of Excited Molecules; Fridman-Macheret α-Model 3.7.1 Rate Coefficient of Reactions of Excited Molecules 3.7.2 Potential Barriers of Elementary Chemical Reactions: Activation Energy 3.7.3 Efficiency α of Vibrational Energy in Overcoming Activation Energy Barrier 3.7.4 Fridman-Macheret α-Model 3.7.5 Efficiency of Vibrational Energy in Elementary Reactions Proceeding through Intermediate Complexes 3.7.6 Dissociation of Molecules Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation in Nonequilibrium Plasma 3.7.7 Dissociation of Molecules in Nonequilibrium Conditions with Essential Contribution of Translational Energy 3.7.8 Chemical Reactions of Two Vibrationally Excited Molecules in Plasma Problems and Concept Questions Plasma Statistics and Kinetics of Charged Particles 139 139 140 142 142 146 149 151 155 155 161 161 4.1 Statistics and Thermodynamics of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Plasmas: Boltzmann, Saha, and Treanor Distributions 4.1.1 Statistical Distribution of Particles over Different States: Boltzmann Distribution 161 4.1.2 Equilibrium Statistical Distribution of Diatomic Molecules over Vibrational-Rotational States 163 4.1.3 Saha Equation for Ionization Equilibrium in Thermal Plasma 164 4.1.4 Dissociation Equilibrium in Molecular Gases 165 4.1.5 Equilibrium Statistical Relations for Radiation: Planck Formula and Stefan-Boltzmann Law 165 4.1.6 Goncepts of Complete Thermodynamic Equilibrium (CTE) and Local Thermodynamic 167 Equilibrium (LTE) for Plasma Systems 4.1.7 Partition Functions 4.1.8 Thermodynamic Functions of Thermal Plasma Systems 4.1.9 Nonequilibrium Statistics of Thermal and Nonthermal Plasmas 4.1.10 Nonequilibrium Statistics of Vibrationally Excited Molecules: Treanor Distribution 4.2 Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equations: Electron Energy Distribution Functions 4.2.1 Boltzmann Kinetic Equation 4.2.2 The τ-Approximation of the Boltzmann Kinetic Equation 4.2.3 Macroscopic Equations Related to Kinetic Boltzmann Equation 4.2.4 Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equation for Determination of Electron Energy Distribution Functions 168 168 170 172 176 176 178 179 180 page_x Page xi 4.2.5 Different Specific Electron Energy Distribution Functions: Druyvesteyn Distribution 4.2.6 Electron Energy Distribution Functions in Different Nonequilibrium Discharge Conditions 4.2.7 Relations between Electron Temperature and Reduced Electric Field 4.3 Electric and Thermal Conductivity in Plasma: Diffusion of Charged Particles 4.3.1 Isotropic and Anisotropic Parts of Electron Distribution Functions 4.3.2 Electron Mobility and Plasma Conductivity 4.3.3 Similarity Parameters Describing Electron Motion in Nonthermal Discharges 4.3.4 Plasma Conductivity in Perpendicular Static Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields 4.3.5 Conductivity of Strongly Ionized Plasma 4.3.6 Ion Energy and Ion Drift in Electric Field 4.3.7 Free Diffusion of Electrons and Ions 4.3.8 Einstein Relation among Diffusion Coefficient, Mobility, and Mean Energy 4.3.9 Ambipolar Diffusion 4.3.10 Conditions of Ambipolar Diffusion: Debye Radius 183 186 187 189 189 190 192 193 195 196 197 199 199 201 file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

cover 4.3.11 Thermal Conductivity in Plasma 4.4 Breakdown Phenomena: Townsend and Spark Mechanisms, Avalanches, Streamers, and Leaders 4.4.1 Electric Breakdown of Gases: Townsend Mechanism 4.4.2 Critical Breakdown Conditions: Paschen Curves 4.4.3 Townsend Breakdown of Larger Gaps: Specific Behavior of Electronegative Gases 4.4.4 Sparks vs. Townsend Breakdown Mechanism 4.4.5 Physics of Electron Avalanches 4.4.6 Cathode- and Anode-Directed Streamers 4.4.7 Criterion of Streamer Formation: Meek Breakdown Condition 4.4.8 Streamer Propagation Models 4.4.9 Concept of a Leader: Breakdown of Multimeter and Kilometer Long Gaps 4.5 Steady-State Regimes of Nonequilibrium Electric Discharges 4.5.1 Steady-State Discharges Controlled by Volume and Surface Recombination Processes 4.5.2 Discharge Regime Controlled by Electron-Ion Recombination 4.5.3 Discharge Regime Controlled by Electron Attachment 4.5.4 Discharge Regime Controlled by Charged Particle Diffusion to Walls: Engel-Steenbeck Relation 4.5.5 Propagation of Electric Discharges page_xi 4.5.6 Propagation of Nonthermal Ionization Waves Self-Sustained by Diffusion of Plasma Chemical Products 4.5.7 Nonequilibrium Behavior of Electron Gas: Difference between Electron and Neutral Gas Temperatures 4.5.8 Nonequilibrium Behavior of Electron Gas: Deviations from the Saha Formula—Degree of Ionization Problems and Concept Questions Kinetics of Excited Particles in Plasma 202 204 204 209 211 213 214 218 219 221 223 225 225 227 228 229 231 233 235 236 237 243 256 257 258 260 Page xii Chapter 5 245 246 247 248 249 5.1 Vibrational Distribution Functions in Nonequilibrium Plasma: Fokker-Planck Kinetic Equation 243 244 5.1.1 Nonequilibrium Vibrational Distribution Functions: General Concept of Fokker-Plank Equation 5.1.2 Energy-Space Diffusion-Related VT Flux of Excited Molecules 5.1.3 Energy-Space Diffusion-Related VV Flux of Excited Molecules 5.1.4 Linear VV Flux along Vibrational Energy Spectrum 5.1.5 Nonlinear VV Flux along Vibrational Energy Spectrum 5.1.6 Equation for Steady-State Vibrational Distribution Function Controlled by VV and VT Relaxation Processes 5.1.7 Vibrational Distribution Functions: Strong Excitation Regime 5.1.8 Vibrational Distribution Functions: Intermediate Excitation Regime 5.1.9 Vibrational Distribution Functions: Regime of Weak Excitation 5.2 Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics: eV Processes, Polyatomic Molecules, and Non-Steady- State Regimes 5.2.1 eV Flux along Vibrational Energy Spectrum 5.2.2 Influence of eV Relaxation on Vibrational Distribution at High Degrees of Ionization 5.2.3 Influence of eV Relaxation on Vibrational Distribution at Intermediate Degrees of Ionization 5.2.4 Diffusion in Energy Space and Relaxation Fluxes of Polyatomic Molecules in Quasi Continuum 263 5.2.5 Vibrational Distribution Functions of Polyatomic Molecules in Nonequilibrium Plasma 264 5.2.6 Non-Steady-State Vibrational Distribution Functions 5.3 Macrokinetics of Chemical Reactions and Relaxation of Vibrationally Excited Molecules 265 5.3.1 Chemical Reaction Influence on Vibrational Distribution Function: Weak Excitation Regime 265 267 5.3.2 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules: Weak Excitation Regime 5.3.3 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules in Regimes of Strong and 269 Intermediate Excitation 250 252 253 256 page_xii Page xiii 5.3.4 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Polyatomic Molecules 270 file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

cover 5.3.5 Macrokinetics of Reactions of Two Vibrationally Excited Molecules 5.3.6 Vibrational Energy Losses Due to VT Relaxation 5.3.7 VT Relaxation Losses from Low Vibrational Levels: Losev Formula and Lahdau-Teller Relation 5.3.8 VT Relaxation Losses from High Vibrational Levels 5.3.9 Vibrational Energy Losses Due to Nonresonance Nature of VV Exchange 5.4 Vibrational Kinetics in Gas Mixtures: Isotopic Effect in Plasma Chemistry 5.4.1 Kinetic Equation and Vibrational Distribution in Gas Mixture 5.4.2 Treanor Isotopic Effect in Vibrational Kinetics 5.4.3 Influence of VT Relaxation on Vibrational Kinetics of Mixtures: Reverse Isotopic Effect 5.4.4 Influence of eV Relaxation on Vibrational Kinetics of Mixtures and Isotopic Effect 5.4.5 Integral Effect of Isotope Separation 5.5 Kinetics of Electronically and Rotationally Excited States: Nonequilibrium Translational Distributions: Relaxation and Reactions of “Hot” Atoms in Plasma 5.5.1 Kinetics of Population of Electronically Excited States: Fokker-Planck Approach 5.5.2 Simplest Solutions of Kinetic Equation for Electronically Excited States 5.5.3 Kinetics of Rotationally Excited Molecules: Rotational Distribution Functions 5.5.4 Nonequilibrium Translational Energy Distribution Functions: Effect of “Hot Atoms” 5.5.5 Kinetics of Hot Atoms in Fast VT Relaxation Processes: Energy-Space Diffusion Approximation 5.5.6 Hot Atoms in Fast VT Relaxation Processes: Discrete Approach and Applications 5.5.7 Hot Atom Formation in Chemical Reactions 5.6 Energy Efficiency, Energy Balance, and Macrokinetics of Plasma Chemical Processes 5.6.1 Energy Efficiency of Quasi-Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Plasma Chemical Processes 5.6.2 Energy Efficiency of Plasma Chemical Processes Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation of Molecules 5.6.3 Dissociation and Reactions of Electronically Excited Molecules and Their Energy Efficiency 5.6.4 Energy Efficiency of Plasma Chemical Processes Proceeding through Dissociative Attachment page_xiii Page xiv Chapter 6 5.6.5 Methods of Stimulation of Vibrational-Translational Nonequilibrium in Plasma Vibrational-Translational Nonequilibrium Provided by High Degree of Ionization Vibrational-Translational Nonequilibrium Provided by Fast Gas Cooling 5.6.6 Vibrational-Translational Nonequilibrium Provided by Fast Transfer of Vibrational Energy: Treanor Effect in Vibrational Energy Transfer 5.6.7 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Plasma Chemical Processes Stimulated by Vibrational Excitation of Molecules 5.6.8 Energy Efficiency as Function of Specific Energy Input and Degree of Ionization 5.6.9 Components of Total Energy Efficiency: Excitation, Relaxation, and Chemical Factors 5.7 Energy Efficiency of Quasi-Equilibrium Plasma Chemical Systems: Absolute, Ideal, and Super-Ideal Quenching 5.7.1 Concepts of Absolute, Ideal, and Super-Ideal Quenching 5.7.2 Ideal Quenching of CO2 Dissociation Products in Thermal Plasma 5.7.3 Nonequilibrium Effects during Product Cooling: Super-Ideal Quenching 5.7.4 Mechanisms of Absolute and Ideal Quenching for H2O Dissociation in Thermal Plasma 5.7.5 Effect of Cooling Rate on Quenching Efficiency: Super-Ideal Quenching of H2O Dissociation Products 5.7.6 Mass and Energy Transfer Equations in Multicomponent Quasi Equilibrium Plasma Chemical Systems 5.7.7 Influence of Transfer Phenomena on Energy Efficiency of Plasma Chemical Processes Problems and Concept Questions Electrostatics, Electrodynamics, and Fluid Mechanics of Plasma 6.1 Electrostatic Plasma Phenomena: Debye Radius and Sheaths, Plasma Oscillations, and Plasma Frequency 6.1.1 Ideal and Nonideal Plasmas 6.1.2 Plasma Polarization, “Screening” of Electric Charges, and External Electric Fields: Debye Radius in Two-Temperature Plasma 6.1.3 Plasmas and Sheaths 6.1.4 Physics of DC Sheaths 6.1.5 High-Voltage Sheaths: Matrix and Child Law Sheath Models 6.1.6 Electrostatic Plasma Oscillations: Langmuir or Plasma Frequency file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58] 271 272 273 273 275 276 277 278 280 283 285 286 286 287 289 291 291 293 295 297 298 299 299 300 301 301 301 302 304 306 309 311 311 312 313 315 316 318 320 324 331 331 331 332 333 335 336 337

cover 6.1.7 Penetration of Slow Changing Fields into Plasma: Skin Effect page_xiv Page xv 6.2 Magneto-Hydrodynamics of Plasma 6.2.1 Equations of Magneto-Hydrodynamics 6.2.2 Magnetic Field “Diffusion” in Plasma: Effect of Magnetic Field Frozen in Plasma 6.2.3 Magnetic Pressure: Plasma Equilibrium in Magnetic Field 6.2.4 The Pinch-Effect 6.2.5 Two-Fluid Magneto-Hydrodynamics: Generalized Ohm’s Law 6.2.6 Plasma Diffusion across Magnetic Field 6.2.7 Conditions for Magneto-Hydrodynamic Behavior of Plasma: Alfven Velocity and Magnetic Reynolds Number Excitation 6.3 Instabilities of Low-Temperature Plasma 6.3.1 Types of Instabilities of Low-Temperature Plasmas: Peculiarities of Plasma Chemical Systems 6.3.2 Thermal (Ionization-Overheating) Instability in Monatomic Gases 6.3.3 Thermal (Ionization-Overheating) Instability in Molecular Gases with Effective Vibrational 6.3.4 Physical Interpretation of Thermal and Vibrational Instability Modes 6.3.5 Nonequilibrium Plasma Stabilization by Chemical Reactions of Vibrationally Excited Molecules 6.3.6 Destabilizing Effect of Exothermic Reactions and Fast Mechanisms of Chemical Heat Release 6.3.7 Electron Attachment Instability 6.3.8 Other Instability Mechanisms in Low-Temperature Plasma 6.4 Nonthermal Plasma Fluid Mechanics in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows 6.4.1 Nonequilibrium Supersonic and Fast Subsonic Plasma Chemical Systems 6.4.2 Gas Dynamic Parameters of Supersonic Discharges: Critical Heat Release 6.4.3 Supersonic Nozzle and Discharge Zone Profiling 6.4.4 Pressure Restoration in Supersonic Discharge Systems 6.4.5 Fluid Mechanic Equations of Vibrational Relaxation in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows of Nonthermal Reactive Plasma 6.4.6 Dynamics of Vibrational Relaxation in Fast Subsonic and Supersonic Flows 6.4.7 Effect of Chemical Heat Release on Dynamics of Vibrational Relaxation in Supersonic Flows 6.4.8 Spatial Nonuniformity of Vibrational Relaxation in Chemically Active Plasma 6.4.9 Space Structure of Unstable Vibrational Relaxation 6.5 Electrostatic, Magneto-Hydrodynamic, and Acoustic Waves in Plasma 6.5.1 Electrostatic Plasma Waves 6.5.2 Collisional Damping of Electrostatic Plasma Waves in Weakly Ionized Plasma page_xv Page xvi 6.5.3 Ionic Sound 6.5.4 Magneto-Hydrodynamic Waves 6.5.5 Collisionless Interaction of Electrostatic Plasma Waves with Electrons 6.5.6 Landau Damping 6.5.7 Beam Instability 6.5.8 Buneman Instability 6.5.9 Dispersion and Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Nonequilibrium Weakly Ionized Plasma: General 6.5.10 Analysis of Dispersion Equation for Sound Propagation in Nonequilibrium Chemically Active Dispersion Equation Plasma 338 340 340 341 342 343 344 346 348 349 350 351 353 355 356 358 359 361 362 363 364 365 367 367 369 372 373 376 378 378 379 380 381 382 384 385 386 387 389 393 6.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma 393 6.6.1 Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Plasma in High-Frequency Electric Fields 395 6.6.2 High-Frequency Plasma Conductivity and Dielectric Permittivity 396 6.6.3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma 398 6.6.4 Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas: Bouguer Law 399 6.6.5 Total Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Plasma: Critical Electron Density 6.6.6 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma 400 6.6.7 Propagation of Ordinary and Extraordinary Polarized Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetized Plasma 402 6.6.8 Influence of Ion Motion on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma 403 404 6.7 Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Plasma: Continuous Spectrum file:///G|/SMILEY/1560328487__gigle.ws/1560328487/files/__joined.html[03/10/2009 12:35:58]

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