模拟集成电路设计精粹（Analog design Essentials）.pdf

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20/10

ANALOG DESIGN ESSENTIALS

ANALOG DESIGN ESSENTIALS by Willy M. C. Sansen Catholic University, L euven, Belgium

A C.I.P. Catalogue record is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 0-387-25746-2 (HB) ISBN-13 978-0-387-25746-4 (HB) ISBN-10 0-387-25747-0 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-0-387-25747-1 (e-book) Published by Springer, PO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied speciﬁcally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

Dedication This book is dedicated to my wife Hadewych Hammenecker

Contents Chapter #1 Comparison of MOST and bipolar transistors Chapter #2 Ampliﬁers, source followers and cascodes Chapter #3 Diﬀerential voltage and current ampliﬁers Chapter #4 Noise performance of elementary transistor stages Chapter #5 Stability of operational ampliﬁers Chapter #6 Systematic design of operational ampliﬁers Chapter #7 Important opamp conﬁgurations Chapter #8 Fully-diﬀerential ampliﬁers Chapter #9 Design of multistage operational ampliﬁers Chapter #10 Current-input operational ampliﬁers Chapter #11 Rail-to-rail input and output ampliﬁers Chapter #12 Class AB and driver ampliﬁers Chapter #13 Feedback voltage and transconductance ampliﬁers Chapter #14 Feedback transimpedance and current ampliﬁers Chapter #15 Oﬀset and CMRR: random and systematic Chapter #16 Bandgap and current reference circuits Chapter #17 Switched-capacitor ﬁlters Chapter #18 Distortion in elementary transistor circuits Chapter #19 Continuous-time ﬁlters Chapter #20 CMOS ADC and DAC principles Chapter #21 Low-power sigma-delta AD converters Chapter #22 Design of crystal oscillators Chapter #23 Low-noise ampliﬁers Chapter #24 Coupling eﬀects in mixed analog-digital ICs Index of subjects 1 51 89 117 149 181 211 239 263 291 301 337 363 389 421 457 485 519 567 603 637 677 711 743 773

011 Analog design is art and sci- ence at the same time. It is art because it requires creativity to strike the right compromises between the speciﬁcations imposed and the ones forgotten. It is also science because it requires a certain level of methodology to carry out a design, inevitably leading to more insight in the compro- mises taken. This book is a guide through this wonderful world of art and science. It claims to provide the novice designers with all aspects of analog design, which are essential to this understanding. As teaching is the best way to learn, all slides are added on a CD-ROM, with and without the comments added as notes in the pdf ﬁles. The reader is suggested to try to explain parts of this course to his fellow designers. This is the way to experience and to cultivate the circles of art and science embedded in this book. All design is about circuits. All circuits contain transistors. Hand-models are required of these devices in order to be able to predict circuit performance. CAD tools such as SPICE, ELDO, SPECTRE, etc. are then used to verify the predicted performance. This feedback loop is essential to converge to a real design. This loop will be used continuously in this book. by means 012 For the design of analog integrated circuits, we need to be able to predict the per- formance of simple expressions. As a result, simple models are required. This means that the small-signal operation of each transistor must be described by means of as few equations as possible. Clearly the performance of the circuit can then only be described in an approximate way. The main advantage however, is that transistor 1

2 Chapter #1 sizing and current levels can easily be derived from such simple expressions. They can then be used to simulate the circuit performance by means of a conventional circuit simulator such as SPICE or ELDO. In these simulators, models are used which are much more accurate but also much more complicated. These simulations are required afterwards to verify the circuit performance. The initial design with simple models is the ﬁrst step in the design procedure. They are aimed indeed at the determination of all transistor currents and sizes, according to the speciﬁcations imposed. We start with MOST devices, although the bipolar transistor are historically ﬁrst. Nowadays the number of MOS transistors integrated on chips, vastly outnumber the bipolar ones. 013 Indeed, previously CMOS devices were reserved for logic as they oﬀer the high- est density (in gates/mm2). Most high-frequency cir- cuitry was carried out in technology. As a bipolar result, a lot of analog func- tions were realized in bipo- lar technology. The highest- frequency circuits have been realized in exotic technol- ogies such as GaAs and now InP technologies. They are quite expensive however and really reserved for the high frequency end. The channel length of CMOS transistors shrinks continuously however. In 2004, a channel length of 0.13 micrometer is standard but several circuits using 90 nm have already been published (see ISSCC). This ever decreasing channel length gives rise to ever increasing speeds. As a result, CMOS devices are capable of gain at ever higher frequencies. Today CMOS and bipolar technologies are in competition over a wide frequency region, extending all the way to 10 and even 40 GHz, as predicted in this slide. For these frequencies the question is indeed, which technology fulﬁlls best the system and circuit requirements at a reasonable cost. BICMOS is always more expensive than standard CMOS technology. The question is, whether the increase in cost compensates the increase in performance?

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