2008 年贵州遵义市中考物理真题及答案
班级:
姓名:
得分:
一、单项选择题(本大题包括 6 个小题,每小题 4 分,共 24 分。每小题只有一个正确答案)
1、下列物体中属于绝缘体的是(
)
A、铜线
B、铝线
C、陶瓷
D、水银
2、在日常生活中,惯性现象既有利,也有弊。以下属于利用惯性有“利”一面的是(
)
A、人踩在西瓜皮上会滑倒
B、用手拍打衣服附在衣服上的灰尘掉下
C、赛车在转弯时滑出赛道
D、从行驶的车上跳下来容易摔倒
3、小林同学周末去郊游时,在池塘边看到“鱼”在“白云”中穿行,其中“鱼”和“白云”的形成原因是
(
)
A、折射 反射
B、反射 折射
C、折射 直线传播
D、都是实物不是像
4、有三个轻质小球两两相互吸引则(
)
A、一定有两个带正电
C、一定有一个不带电
B、一定有两个带负电
D、无法判断
5、以下是 2008 年北京举行的第 29 届奥运会运动项目的图标,在这些运动项目中运动员对地面压强最大的
是(
)
A、击剑
B、射击
C、举重
D、射箭
6、夏季炎热的午后,伴随着轻柔的音乐,勤劳的环卫工人驾着酒水车以 2.5m/s 的速度匀速行驶在大街上,
水不停地洒在地上,给人清凉的感觉。下列说法正确的是(
)
A、因为水蒸发要吸收热量,所以人感觉清凉
B、轻柔的音乐给人以美的感觉,所以感到清凉
C、环卫工人很勤劳,所以人们有清凉的感觉
D、因为洒水车匀速运动,所以洒水车的动能保持不变
二、填空题(本大题包括 6 个小题,每空 2 分,共 24 分)
7、2008 年春节联欢晚会上,从月球附近的“嫦娥一号”卫星上传给春晚现场一首歌曲,这一信号是以电磁
波的形式传来的,说明电磁波的传播不需要
;信号从“嫦娥一号”卫星到春晚现场用时 1.28s,
则“嫦娥一号”卫星距地球的距离约为
m。
8、2008 年 5 月 12 日 14 时 28 分,四川汶川发生里氏 8.0 级地震,导致汶川地区生命告急,电力中断,交通
中断,通讯中断。空军利用直升飞机向受灾地区空投食品和水,从直升飞机中投出的食品和水将
能转化为
能。
9、在“十五”期间,国家为解决“三农”问题,进行了大规模农村电网改造,使得农民家中的灯泡变亮,
各种电机正常工作,农业生产力水平大大提高。这一改造主要是把电线换成
的(填“粗”或“细”)
使线路电阻
(填“增大”、“减小”或“不变”)。
10、张老师是典型的远视眼,可以用凸透镜来矫正视力,可是在课堂上看近
处课本时戴上眼镜,观察远处同学时又摘下眼镜。这样戴上摘下,非常
不方便。小亮替张老师买了一种新型眼镜如图所示,镜片 M 区厚度相同,
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers
N 区可以矫正视力,现在张老师可以通过
区看书,通过
区看远处同学,再不需要频繁戴上
和摘下眼镜
11、如图所示,是小强同学用相同的加热器,给质量相同的甲、乙两种物质加热时,根据测量结果描绘的图
像。由图可知
是晶体,熔点 80℃;晶体熔化过程
(填“吸热”或“放热”)。
12、在如图所示电路中,当滑动变阻器滑片 P 从 a 向 b 滑动的过程中,电流表○A 的示数
;电压表○V 的示数
(填“增大”、“减小”或“不变”)。
三、作图题(本大题包括 2 个小题,其中 13 题 3 分,14 题 4 分,共 7 分。)
13、如图所示,画出天花板上吊灯的受力示意图。
14、汶川 8.0 级特大地震灾害发生后,由医务人员和志愿者组成的救援队伍,对受灾地区的受伤群众展开紧
急施救,建立了许多临时医疗急救中心。请你为医疗急救中心设计一个电路。当轻伤病房有人按下开关,
值班室电灯亮;当重伤病房有人按下开关,值班室电铃响。将设计电路画在答题卡上对应位置。
四、简答题(本大题共 6 分)
15、2008 年 1 月,我国南方六省遭受罕见的冰冻雪凝灾害,我们贵州省是受灾害最严重的地区之一,许多地
方高压线断裂,架设高压线的铁塔倒塌。请问:(1)在电能输送中采用高压输电的目的是什么?(2)铁塔
倒塌的原因是什么?(3)电力工人在抢修中手被冻僵了,有的用手互摩擦取暖,有的对着手哈气来取暖,
请说出两种取暖方式有什么不同。
五、实验题(本大题包括 2 个小题,16 题 8 分,17 题 7 分,共 15 分。)
16、在探究“影响滑动摩擦力大小的因素”实验中,同学们猜想摩擦力的大小可能与以下因素有关:①拉力
F 的大小;②接触面的材料;③接触面的粗糙程度;④接触面所受的压力;⑤接触面积的大小;⑥物体
运动快慢。为此,小明通过如图所示的实验进行验证:
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers
(1)实验中需用弹簧测力计拉动木块做
运动,根据二力平衡测出木块与木板间的摩托力。
(2)对比实验
是为了验证猜想④。
(3)对比实验 A 和 C 是为了验证猜想
(填猜想的序号)。
(4)同学们利用图甲实验装置,验证猜想⑤,他们把木块侧放在木板上,并按正确方法拉动木块,发现
两次弹簧测力计的示数相等,从而得出:滑动摩擦力的大小与接触面积的大小
(填“有关”
或“无关”)
17、请你利用如图所示器材测量小灯泡灯丝的电阻。
(1)把实物电路图用笔画线代替导线连接完整(要求导线不交叉)
(2)请根据实物电路在实线框内画出电路图。
(3)在闭合开关前,滑动变阻器连人电路的电阻值应最
。
六、计算题(本大题包括 3 个小题,18 题 7 分,19 题 8 分,20 题 9 分,共 24 分。)
18、为迎接 2008 奥运圣火在遵义传递,遵义市政府投入资金对官井到桃溪河畔沿街实施景观改造,施工中,
一工人利用如图所示的滑轮组将一桶沙匀速拉到 10m 高处,沙重 150N,所用拉力 F=100N,求:
(1)有用功是多少?
(2)总功是多少?
(3)滑轮组的机械效率是多少?
19、一合金块用弹簧测力计在空气中称重为 3.92N;浸没在水中称时,弹簧测
力计上的示数为 2.94N;如将它浸没在待测液体中,受到的浮力是 1.176N,
(g=9.8N/kg)求:
(1)合金块在水中受到的浮力;
(2)在待测液体中弹簧测力计的示数;
(3)待测液体的密度。
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers
20、如图所示,电源电压恒定,小灯泡上标有“6V、3W”字样,灯丝电阻不随温度而变化,
(1)当 S1、S2 闭合时,小灯泡正常发光。
求小灯泡正常发光时的电流及小灯泡的电阻。
(2)当 S1 闭合,S2 断开时,电流表示数为 0.1A。求电阻
R 的阻值及小灯泡的实际功率。
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers
参考答案
一、单项选择题(每小题 3 分,共 18 分)
1、C
2、B
3、A
4、C
5、C
6、A
二、填空题(每空 2 分,共 24 分)
7、①介质
②3.84×108
8、①势能(重力势能)
9、①粗
10、①N
11、①甲
12、①减小
②动能
②减小
②M
②吸热
②减小
三、作图题(13 题 2 分,14 题 4 分,共 6 分)
..
四、简答题(每个问 2 分,共 6 分)
15、(1)采用高压输电的目的是减少输电线路上的电能损失(或减少输电线路上产生的热量)。
(2 分)
(2)由于冻雪(雪凝)附在输电线路和铁塔上,增大了铁塔所受的压力,超过铁塔所能承受的最大范围
从而倒塌。(2 分)(只要答出了增大压力即可得分)
(3)用手相互摩擦取暖是利用做功改变物体的内能,使温度升高。(1 分)(只要答出做功即可得分)对手
哈气取暖是利用热传递改变物体内能,使温度升高。(1 分)(只要答出热传递即可得分)
五、实验题(34 题 8 分,35 题 7 分,共 15 分)
16、(每空两分,共 8 分)
(1)匀速直线
(3)③
17、(1)连接实物如图(2 分)
(2)AB
(4)无关
(2)电路如图(3 分)
(3)大(2 分)
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers
注:①若电压表量程选择 0-15V 挡不扣分;②滑动变阻器接 C 或 D 均可;③电流表内接外接均可得分。
十、计算题(36 题 6 分,37 题 7 分,38 题 8 分,共 21 分)
18、解:(1)W 有=Gh=150N×10m=1500J(2 分)
(2)W 总=FS=100N×20m=2000J(2 分)
(3)
W
有
W
总
%100
1500
2000
J
J
%75%100
(2 分)
19、解:(1)合金在水中的浮力 F 水=G-F′=3.92N-2.94N=0.98N(2 分)
( 2 ) 在 待 测 液 体 中 弹 簧 秤 的 示 数 F ″ = G - F 液 = 3.92N - 1.176N = 2.744N ( 2 分 )
根据
F
水
=
液
gV
可求合金体积
V
=
水
F
gg
水
=
1.0
10
3
0.98N
/
mkg
3
8.9
kgN
/
0.1
10
4
3
m
分)(
1
(3)
当合金浸没在待测液体中时由阿基米德原理
F
液
液
g
V
得
液
液
F
V
g
.1
176
N
0.1
kgN
/
8.9
4
10
3
m
2.1
10
3
mkg
/
3
分)(
2
20、解:(1)当 S1、S2 闭合时,小灯泡正常发光,
此时电流为
I
0
P
0
U
0
3
W
6
V
分)(2 5.0
A
电源电压 U=U0=6V(1 分)
6V
0.5A
==
L
灯泡电阻
U
I
R
0
0
分)(=
12
1
分)(=
60
1
(2)当 S1 闭合,S2 断开时 R 与灯泡串联,则电路总电阻
R
==总
U
I
6V
A1.0
电阻 R=R 总-RL=48Ω(1 分)
小灯泡实际功率 PL=I2RL=(0.1A)2×12Ω=0.12W(2 分)
WangDepartmentresponsibleforthepro-democracymovementtheHanChangYanTomb.Heusedtowork,wideexposuretofourruralpeasants,topublicizeJapanesethought,andtoestablishtheperimeterofthepartyorganization"Jiangnananti-Japaneseguerrillapeoplesalvation."EastwatervillageShenYingjie,alsoparticipatedintheOrganizationandservedasteamleader.AugustZhuXiNanXunKangWang,alsohasmadeanightattackbridgeJapanesedefenders,andtheEasternattackzhenzetraitorswasthepuppetcommand,enemysteamerandseizedalargequantityoffirearms,ammunition,suppliesandfilephotosofvictory.Thatsamemonth,ZhuWangachievedindeqing,WuKangborderforcesalsorecovered"threemountains"(Huishan,Shan,drymountain)victory.InSeptember,thesecondguerrillaBrigadeoftheCommunistPartyMemberWenYongzhiascaptainofWuxingCountyabout150guns,toshakeofftheannexationoftheWuxingCountyGovernment,andhedemanded,ZhejiangProvince,LinJieXuknowsdelegatetotheWesttolead.DecidedtoJieXuwiththereputationoftheidentityoftheChineseCommunistParty,XuJintalkswithZhuXi,ZhuBuchengBrigadeoftemperatureprogrammed.ZhuXi,agreed.Thus,cleaningpartymembersintotheZhuXiforces,suchasXu,Xubysuperiorsandsenttopartymembersafterall.InOctober,partygroup,Xucleaningteamleader,directlyundertheleadershipofCPCZhejiangProvincialCommittee.Partygroupsactivelyworking,restoredHanchangandothersfromtheparty.HelpZhuXiestablishedtheDepartmentandstrengthenyouthservicecorps,theestablishmentofwomen'steam,runtrainingcoursesinrotationdrawntheofficersandmenoftheRegiment,group.Strengtheningthepoliticalandideologicaleducationofofficersandmen,advocacyandnationalsalvationmovementaimtoinspiresoldiers