Essential Electronic Design Automation.pdf

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Essential Electronic Design Automation (EDA) By Mark D. Birnbaum of Publisher Pub Date ISBN Pages Slots : Prentice Hall PTR : October 01, 2003 : 0-13-182829-0 : 256 : 1.0 • Table Contents • Index Essential Electronic Design Automation (EDA) demystifies this highly technical industry for anyone with a "need-to-know" about EDA. A friendly, informal introduction to EDA business and technology, clear enough for laypeople yet detailed enough for technical readers. The book also makes an excellent complementary text for cross-disciplinary engineering, business and marketing courses on VLSI Design. Simply and clearly, veteran industry leader Mark Birnbaum introduces the design problems EDA is intended to solve, the tools that exist to solve them, the designers who use them, and what makes EDA crucial to electronic product and chip design. • • Explains how EDA fits into the electronic product and semiconductor industries • Examines the EDA industry from both the tool user and EDA software vendor perspectives, including business models, return on investment, and tool evaluation Includes electronic system-level tools for defining what ICs will do, front -end functional chip-level tools for design how the IC will behave, and back-end design tools for implementing the IC physical layout • Discusses EDA industry trends and IC design issues, including deep submicron challenges, intellectual property (IP), and system-on-chip (SoC) Includes EDA standards organizations and publications • Industry newcomers will appreciate the book's extensive set of appendices, including primers on electricity, semiconductor manufacturing, computing, and common dimensions, reference sources and a complete glossary with acronym pronunciation. 1

Preface Purpose of This Book Purpose of This Book The tremendous increase in the use of tiny electronic devices is common knowledge. We find them everywhere today, in cars, household appliances, telephones, music, and business equipment. The typical car or house uses dozens of them. These devices are called microchips or integrated circuits (ICs). Today a single IC can do more than an entire roomful of equipment just a decade ago. Integrated circuits are small enough to hold in your hand, yet contain millions of tiny electronic components. Engineers create detailed design plans to make ICs, similar to an architect's building plans. Architects use computer tools to design a building and predict the structure's response to storms or earthquakes. Similarly, IC designers use computer program tools to design an IC, test its performance, and verify its behavior. We refer to the tools as electronic design automation (EDA) . An entire industry has evolved to provide these tools to aid the IC designers. This book introduces readers to the EDA industry. It discusses both the technical and business aspects of EDA in clear non-technical language without equations. The text briefly describes the related semiconductor industry issues and evolving chip design problems addressed by the EDA tools. A unique, dialog format presents the technical material in an easy-to-read manner. The book focuses solely on EDA for IC design, intentionally excluding other design automation areas (e.g., printed circuit boards and mechanical design). The text gives generic tool descriptions since company and product names change rapidly. Intended Audience The electronic product industry consists of electronic system manufacturers, semiconductor companies, and chip design houses. Semiconductor equipment providers, test equipment manufacturers, and EDA companies are also part of the industry. In most of these firms, over half the employees are non-technical or "semi-technical." These semi-technical people are involved in the EDA or related industries. Experienced e mployees will have picked up some jargon and knowledge, but both they and most new employees lack an overall introduction to this highly technical field. Sales and marketing, communications, legal, or finance personnel will find the book useful. Others in financial analysis, public relations, or publications firms also need to know about the EDA industry. Some readers will be interested only in the overview, business, or industry sections, while others will focus on particular technical EDA chapters. 2

Along with the semi-technical people, many people with technical backgrounds will find the book very beneficial. The technical backgrounds include computer engineering, programming, electronic testing, mechanical engineering, packaging, or academic fields. These readers may not have EDA backgrounds and so seek a simple introduction to EDA. The book is thus helpful to new employees, both technical and non-technical. Some readers may be familiar with a portion of EDA and want to see "the big picture." Others may focus on technical areas relevant to their own work. Faculty and students in universities, colleges, community colleges, and technical institutes can use the book as an introduction to the IC and EDA industries. The book will fit well in cross-discipline business/engineering courses. Technical students will find the full coverage useful and complementary to an academic course on ICs or EDA. Non-technical readers include: Within the organization: Marketing communications, sales, and marketing personnel Human relations, administrative personnel, and new hires Manufacturing, purchasing, and operations personnel Finance, accounting, and legal personnel Outside the organization: Financial analysts, law firms Public relations, publications, or media representatives Manufacturing representatives, personnel recruiters, or technical writers Technical readers include: Electrical engineers new to EDA Mechanical, packaging, and quality assurance engineers Programmers (software engineers) Technical marketing and support personnel Academic fields include: Electrical, Mechanical, Systems, and Computer Engineering Physics Computer Science and Programming 3

Business, Marketing, and Management Organization The book's successive chapters build on each other, forming a logical sequence. However, most chapters can be read independently. The book may also serve as a reference source, using the several appendixes. Chapter 1 gives an overview of EDA tools, the people who use them, and the design tasks they support. (EDA tools address specific design issues, so one has to understand those problems.) Chapter 2 describes the EDA business itself. Chapter 3 provides a user perspective on EDA technical and business issues. Chapter 4 discusses the range of EDA tools and introduces some essential concepts. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 focus on the three major EDA design tool areas: electronic system-level, functional chip-level, and physical. System-level tools help decide what the IC will do and how it will be made. Chip-level tools help design how the IC will operate (function). Physical design tools help implement the actual IC physical layout. Chapter 8 discusses EDA industry trends and related IC design issues. Since readers have a wide range of backgrounds, several appendixes fill in the technology basics. Appendixes A, B, and C introduce (in simple English) elementary electricity, semiconductor manufacture, and computer basics. Many technical EDA and semiconductor terms are confusing. Most terms are metrics—each with different units of measure (such as inches, mils, or microns). Some are in English units, some are in metric units, and some are in both, depending on the context. Appendix D describes and compares these metrics. Appendix E has pointers to other EDA reference sourc es for the reader to explore further. These include organizations, conferences, magazines, the Internet, and universities. Appendix F provides more depth in several areas that affect the EDA business. These include deep submicron issues, intellectual property, and system-on-chip. Every human enterprise (such as medicine, law, or academia) has its own jargon. EDA is no exception. There is a myriad of strange terms. Many come fro m the semiconductor world addressed by the EDA tools. In addition, there are all sorts of abbreviations and acronyms. The text defines many terms in context, and Appendix G provides an extensive glossary/acronym list with acronym pronunciation. In summary, readers will be introduced to both the business and technical aspects of the EDA industry. They will learn about EDA tools, the designers who use them, and their design problems. In addition, they will gain insight into the current and future role of EDA in the electronics industries. 4

Chapter 1. Introduction to EDA In this chapter... Introduction • • EDA Party—Users and Tools • EDA Benefits • Summary Introduction Electronic Products Engineers use Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to design electronic products. Electronic products include just about anything that plugs into the wall or uses a battery for electric power, such as computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and communications equipment. Electronics are used in houses, automobiles, aerospace products, and all kinds of industrial products. To understand EDA we have to look more closely at electronic products. Like any technical area, electronics and EDA use lots of jargon. Let us begin with a little vocabulary so everyone can start with the same basic terms. Printed Circuit (PC) Boards Look inside a stereo, personal computer, or cellular phone, and you will see thin plastic (often green) printed circuit boards (PC boards). Did You Know? Printed Circuit (PC) boards are NOT the same as Personal Computers (PCs), and are NOT Politically Correct (PC). Unfo rtunately, the same abbreviation is used (PC). However, Personal Computers do contain PC boards. Thin copper wires connect many little electronic parts mounted on the boards. These parts are small rectangular blocks (often black) with pins that stick out and look like insects with legs. The electronic parts come in different sizes and some are called integrated circuits (ICs). Figure 1.1 shows a drawing of the PC board, wires, and parts. The pins connect the electronic parts to the wires. Also note that the ICs may connect with pins as shown or with flat wires on all four sides, or with tiny solder balls underneath. Figure 1.1. Printed Circuit Board 5

Note that the PC board wires are printed or deposited, and so are flat, not round. The PC board also has printed copper fingers or connectors at the edge for electrical connections off the board. Integrated Circuits Integrated circuits (ICs) use printed wiring very similar to that on the PC boards. The "board," however, is now a thin silicon chip, with much smaller devices and wiring. Both the devices and the wiring are fabricated in the silicon surface. Did You Know? The silicon (silly-con) here is a silver, brittle, metallic substance. It is a major element in ordinary sand. Do not confuse it with silicone (silly-cone), which is the rubbery material used in caulking and car waxes. Semiconductor companies make ICs. These are also called chips, microchips, or silicon chips. Figure 1.2 shows a drawing of an integrated circuit, with its silicon chip, package, and pins. Figure 1.2. Integrated Circuit 6

The figure shows the fine gold bonding wires which connect the chip pads to the package pins. The wires are thinner than a human hair. The IC package takes up much more room than the tiny chip. There are many other styles of IC packages besides the example shown. Some chips are encased in smaller chip scale packages. Some ICs (called flip chips) can connect directly to PC boards, without package, wires, or pins. This allows those boards to hold more chips. The ICs hold millions of tiny electrical switches called transistors. Thread-like printed wires on the IC connect transistors (and other devic es) to form electrical circuits. These circuits are the heart of all electronic products. They can make small electrical signals larger (amplify) or make logical decisions (e.g., does number A = number B?). Basic logic circuits are called gates. CAD, CAM, CAE, and EDA Arranging the ICs and wire routes on the PC board is called layout. Programmers developed Computer Aided Design (CAD) software tools to help with the tedious PC board layout. Engineers later adapted PC board CAD tools for similar use on ICs. Programmers continued to develop many other software tools to help design the IC and verify its behavior. Some are called Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). Others are called Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is an umbrella term for all these tools. Data, Signals, and Input/Output The information that is transferred between electronic products and ICs is called data. Data consists of numbers, letters, voice, video, etc. When electricity is sent from one IC to another, it is called a signal. Signals going into a product or IC are inputs, and those coming out are called outputs. Input and output together are referred to as input/output or I/O. (You can read more about silicon, semiconductors, and computers in Appendices A, B, and C.) 7

Electronic Product Development Neither the electronic products nor the ICs could be made without the use of EDA tools. EDA is intimately bound to the semiconductor IC and electronic product design industries. Engineers use EDA tools to design electronic systems and ICs. To learn about EDA, we have to understand what the engineers are trying to do. Figure 1.3 gives an overall view from electronic product to IC. Figure 1.3. Electronic Product Development In Figure 1.3, we see the system engineers discussing the idea for a new cellular telephone product. They create a set of IC requirements for the electronics which they need in the product. The requirements are similar to an architect's drawings. 8

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