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    Military Avionics Systems Military Avionics Systems # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-01632-9 Ian Moir and Allan G. Seabridge
    Military Avionics Systems Ian Moir Allan G. Seabridge Displays chapter contributed by Malcolm Jukes
    Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moir, I. (Ian) Military avionics systems/Ian Moir. p. cm. ‘‘Displays chapter contributed by Malcom Jukes.’’ Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-470-01632-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Avionics. 2. Airplanes, Military–Electronic equipment. 3. Electronics in military engineering. I. Jukes, Malcom. UG1420.M565 2006 623.7406049–dc22 II. Title. 2005031935 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-470-01632-9 (HB) ISBN-10 0-470-01632-9 (HB) Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
    Contents Series preface Acknowledgements About the authors Introduction 1 Military roles Introduction 1.1 1.2 Air superiority 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Air superiority – aircraft types 1.3 Ground attack 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Ground attack – aircraft types 1.4 Strategic bomber 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Strategic bomber – aircraft types 1.5 Maritime patrol 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 Role description Anti-surface unit warfare (ASuW) role Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) role Search and rescue (SAR) role 1.5.4.1 Datum searches xvii xix xxi 1 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 19
    vi CONTENTS Area searches Scene-of-action commander 1.5.5 1.5.4.2 1.5.4.3 Exclusive economic zone protection 1.5.5.1 1.5.5.2 1.5.5.3 1.5.5.4 Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Oil and gas rig patrols Anti-pollution Fishery protection Customs and excise cooperation 1.5.6 1.5.7 1.5.8 1.5.9 MPA aircraft types 1.6 Battlefield surveillance 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Battlefield surveillance aircraft types 1.7 Airborne early warning 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture AEW aircraft types 1.8 Electronic warfare 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.8.6 1.8.7 1.8.8 Role description Electronic countermeasures Electronic support measures Signals intelligence (SIGINT) Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Example aircraft types 1.9 Photographic reconnaissance 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.9.5 Role description Key performance characteristics Crew complement Systems architecture Typical aircraft types 1.10 Air-to-air refuelling 1.10.1 Role description 1.10.2 Key performance characteristics 1.10.3 Crew complement 1.10.4 Systems architecture 1.10.5 Aircraft types 1.11 Troop/materiel transport 1.11.1 Role description 1.11.2 Key performance characteristics 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 35 35 37 37 37 38 39 39 39
    CONTENTS 1.11.3 Crew complement 1.11.4 Systems architecture 1.11.5 Typical aircraft types 1.12 Unmanned air vehicles 1.13 Training 1.13.1 Typical aircraft types 1.14 Special roles 1.14.1 Examples of special roles 1.15 Summary Further reading 2 Technology and architectures 2.1 Evolution of avionics architectures 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 Distributed analogue architecture Distributed digital architecture Federated digital architecture Integrated modular architecture Open architecture issues Impact of digital systems Response of the services to digital avionics systems issues Need to embrace COTS 2.2 Aerospace-specific data buses 2.3 Tornado serial ARINC 429 STANAG 3910 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 MIL-STD-1553B 2.2.4 JIAWG architecture 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 Generic JIAWG architecture High-speed data bus PI bus TM bus Obsolescence issues 2.4 COTS data buses 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 Fibre channel Fibre channel options IEEE 1394 firewire 2.5 Real-time operating systems 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 Key attributes Safety Software partitioning Software languages Security 2.6 RF integration 2.6.1 Primary radar evolution 2.6.1.1 2.6.1.2 2.6.1.3 Independent systems of the 1950s Integrated systems of the 1960s and 1970s Integrated modular architecture of the 1990s vii 39 39 40 41 43 45 45 45 45 46 47 47 49 50 52 54 54 56 57 58 60 60 62 64 67 70 70 72 73 73 73 74 75 77 77 78 78 79 80 82 82 83 84 84 85 86
    viii CONTENTS 2.6.2 JIAWG RF subsystem integration 2.7 Pave Pace/F-35 shared aperture architecture References 3 Basic radar systems 3.1 Basic principles of radar 3.2 Radar antenna characteristics 3.3 Major radar modes 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 Air-to-air search Air-to-air tracking Air-to-air track-while-scan Ground mapping 3.4 Antenna directional properties 3.5 Pulsed radar architecture 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 Pulsed radar components 3.5.1.1 Modulator Transmitter 3.5.1.2 3.5.1.3 Antenna Receiver 3.5.1.4 3.5.1.5 Video processor Pulsed modulation Receiver characteristics 3.5.3.1 3.5.3.2 Radar range equation Noise Clutter 3.6 Doppler radar 3.7 Other uses of radar Frequency modulation ranging Terrain-following radar Continuous wave illumination 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 Multimode operation 3.8 Target tracking 3.8.1 3.8.2 Range tracking Angle tracking 3.8.2.1 3.8.2.2 3.8.2.3 Monopulse Sequential lobing Conical scan References 87 94 97 99 99 104 107 107 108 109 110 111 112 112 113 113 113 114 114 114 116 116 122 122 123 124 124 125 126 127 128 128 129 129 130 132 134 4 Advanced radar systems 4.1 Pulse compression 4.1.1 4.1.2 Coherent transmission Fourier transform 4.2 Pulsed Doppler operation 135 135 137 140 140 Range ambiguities 143 Effect of the PRF on the frequency spectrum – Doppler ambiguities 144 Range and Doppler ambiguities 145 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
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