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    Front-cover
    Front-matter
    RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications
    DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
    Copyright Page
    Contents v
    Preface to the Second Edition xi
    Chapter 1 Introduction 1
    1.1 Introduction 1
    1.2 Linear RF Amplifier Theory 2
    1.3 Weakly Nonlinear Effects: Power and Volterra Series 5
    1.4 Strongly Nonlinear Effects
    1.5 Nonlinear Device Models for CAD 9
    1.6 Conjugate Match 11
    1.7 RF Power Device Technology 14
    References 15
    Chapter 2 Linear Power Amplifier Design 17
    2.1 Class A Amplifiers and Linear Amplifiers 17
    2.2 Gain Match and Power Match 19
    2.3 Introduction to Load-Pull Measurements 20
    2.4 Loadline Theory 21
    2.5 Package Effects and Refinements to Load-Pull Theory 27
    2.6 Drawing the Load-Pull Contours on CAD Programs 31
    2.7 Class A Design Example 31
    2.8 Conclusions 36
    References 37
    Chapter 3 Conventional High Efficiency Amplifier Modes
    3.1 Introduction 39
    3.2 Reduced Conduction Angle—Waveform Analysis 40
    3.3 Output Termination 43
    3.4 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis—FET Model 47
    3.5 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis—BJT Model 55
    3.6 Effect of I-V “Knee” 59
    3.7 Input Drive Requirements 61
    3.8 Conclusions 65
    References 65
    Chapter 4 Class AB PAs at GHz Frequencies 67
    4.1 Introduction 67
    4.2 Class AB Using a Capacitive Harmonic Termination—The Class J PA 68
    4.3 Nonlinear Device Characteristics 77
    4.4 Nonlinear Capacitance Effects in RF Power Devices 81
    4.5 Conclusions 89
    References 89
    Chapter 5 Practical Design of Linear RF Power Amplifiers 91
    5.1 Low-Pass Matching Networks 92
    5.2 Transmission Line Matching 100
    5.3 Shorting the Harmonics 102
    5.4 A Generic MESFET 105
    5.5 A 2W Class B Design for 850 MHz 107
    5.6 The Pi Section Power Matching Network 112
    5.7 Pi Section Analysis for PA Design 115
    5.8 Class J Design Example 122
    5.9 HBT Design Example 124
    5.10 Conclusions 129
    References 131
    Chapter 6 Overdriven PAs and the Class F Mode 133
    6.1 Introduction 133
    6.2 Overdriven Class A Amplifier 134
    6.3 Overdriven Class AB Amplifier 139
    6.4 Class F: Introduction and Theory 143
    6.5 Class F in Practice 149
    6.6 The Clipping Model for the Class F Mode—Class FD 155
    6.7 PA_Waves 163
    6.8 Class F Simulations 164
    6.9 Conclusions 171
    References 172
    Chapter 7 Switching Mode Amplifiers for RF Applications 173
    7.1 Introduction 173
    7.2 A Simple Switching Amplifier 174
    7.3 A Tuned Switching Amplifier 178
    7.4 The Class D Switching Amplifier 180
    7.4 Class E—Introduction 182
    7.5 Class E—Simplified Analysis 183
    7.6 Class E—Design Example 192
    7.7 Conclusions 198
    References 199
    Chapter 8 Switching PA Modes at GHz Frequencies 201
    8.1 Introduction 201
    8.2 Ignoring the Obvious: Breaking the 100% Barrier 202
    8.3 Waveform Engineering 205
    8.4 PA_Waves 216
    8.5 Implementation and Simulation 225
    8.6 Conclusions 227
    References 229
    Chapter 9 Nonlinear Effects in RF Power Amplifiers 231
    9.1 Introduction 231
    9.2 Two-Carrier Power Series Analysis 233
    9.3 Two-Carrier Envelope Analysis 240
    9.4 Envelope Analysis with Variable PAR 246
    9.5 AM to PM Effects 250
    9.6 PA Memory Effects 256
    9.7 Digital Modulation Systems 261
    9.8 30 Watt LDMOS Test Amplifier Measurements 278
    9.9 Conclusions 282
    References 283
    Chapter 10 Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 285
    Introduction 285
    10.1 Efficiency Enhancement 286
    10.2 The Doherty Amplifier 290
    10.3 Realization of the Doherty Amplifier 298
    10.4 Outphasing Techniques 303
    10.5 Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) 309
    10.6 Envelope Tracking 311
    10.7 Power Converters for EER and ET 314
    10.8 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 318
    10.9 Other Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 323
    10.10 Case Studies in Efficiency Enhancement 330
    10.11 Conclusions 333
    References 334
    Chapter 11 Power Amplifier Bias Circuit Design 337
    11.1 Introduction 337
    11.2 Stability of RF Power Transistors 338
    11.3 Bias Supply Modulation Effects 343
    11.4 Bias Network Design 350
    11.5 Bias Insertion Networks 353
    11.6 Prime Power Supply Issues 354
    11.7 Bias Control Circuits 355
    11.8 Conclusions 356
    References 357
    Chapter 12 Load-Pull Techniques 359
    12.1 Tuner Design for Fundamental Load-Pull 359
    12.2 Harmonic Load-Pull 362
    12.3 Active Harmonic Load-Pull 365
    12.4 Variations, Results, Conclusions 367
    References 369
    Chapter 13 Power Amplifier Architecture 371
    Introduction 371
    13.1 Push-Pull Amplifiers 372
    13.2 Balanced Amplifiers 380
    13.3 Power Combining 387
    13.4 Multistage PA Design 391
    13.5 Conclusions 394
    References 395
    Chapter 1 4 Power Amplifier Linearization Techniques 397
    Introduction 397
    14.1 Introduction to PA Linearization 399
    14.2 Predistortion 401
    14.3 Feedforward Techniques 410
    14.4 Feedback Techniques 419
    14.5 Other Linearization Methods 424
    14.6 Conclusions 425
    References 426
    Appendix A PA_Waves 429
    Appendix B Spectral Analysis Using Excel IQ Spreadsheets 433
    Bibliography 435
    Glossary 437
    About the Author 441
    Index 443
    RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications Second Edition
    DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The technical descriptions, procedures, and computer programs in this book have been developed with the greatest of care and they have been useful to the author in a broad range of applications; however, they are provided as is, without warranty of any kind. Artech House, Inc., and the author and editors of the book titled RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, Second Edition, make no warran- ties, expressed or implied, that the equations, programs, and procedures in this book or its associated software are free of error, or are consistent with any particular stan- dard of merchantability, or will meet your requirements for any particular applica- tion. They should not be relied upon for solving a problem whose incorrect solution could result in injury to a person or loss of property. Any use of the programs or pro- cedures in such a manner is at the user’s own risk. The editors, author, and publisher disclaim all liability for direct, incidental, or consequent damages resulting from use of the programs or procedures in this book or the associated software. For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, turn to the back of this book.
    RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications Second Edition Steve C. Cripps a r t e c h h o u s e . c o m
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cripps, Steve C. RF power amplifiers for wireless communications.—2nd ed.—(Artech House microwave library) 1. Amplifiers, Radio frequency 2. Power amplifiers I. Title 621.3’81535 ISBN-10: 1-59693-018-7 ISBN 10: 1-59693-018-7 ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-018-6 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2006 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade- mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-59693-018-7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
    Contents Preface to the Second Edition CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Linear RF Amplifier Theory 1.3 Weakly Nonlinear Effects: Power and Volterra Series 1.4 Strongly Nonlinear Effects 1.5 Nonlinear Device Models for CAD 1.6 Conjugate Match 1.7 RF Power Device Technology References CHAPTER 2 Linear Power Amplifier Design 2.1 Class A Amplifiers and Linear Amplifiers 2.2 Gain Match and Power Match 2.3 Introduction to Load-Pull Measurements 2.4 Loadline Theory 2.5 Package Effects and Refinements to Load-Pull Theory 2.6 Drawing the Load-Pull Contours on CAD Programs 2.7 Class A Design Example 2.8 Conclusions References CHAPTER 3 Conventional High Efficiency Amplifier Modes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Reduced Conduction Angle—Waveform Analysis 3.3 Output Termination 3.4 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis—FET Model Case 1: Class A Case 2: Class AB Case 3: Class B Case 4: Class C 3.5 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis—BJT Model 3.6 Effect of I-V “Knee” 3.7 Input Drive Requirements xi 1 1 2 5 6 9 11 14 15 17 17 19 20 21 27 31 31 36 37 39 39 40 43 47 48 49 51 53 55 59 61 v
    vi Contents 3.8 Conclusions References CHAPTER 4 Class AB PAs at GHz Frequencies 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Class AB Using a Capacitive Harmonic Termination—The Class J PA 4.2.1 Theory 4.2.2 Practicalities 4.3 Nonlinear Device Characteristics 4.4 Nonlinear Capacitance Effects in RF Power Devices 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Nonlinear Capacitors—Characterization and Analysis 4.4.3 Input Varactor Effects on Class AB PAs 4.5 Conclusions References CHAPTER 5 Practical Design of Linear RF Power Amplifiers 5.1 Low-Pass Matching Networks 5.2 Transmission Line Matching 5.3 Shorting the Harmonics 5.4 A Generic MESFET 5.5 A 2W Class B Design for 850 MHz 5.6 The Pi Section Power Matching Network 5.7 Pi Section Analysis for PA Design 5.8 Class J Design Example 5.9 HBT Design Example 5.10 Conclusions References CHAPTER 6 Overdriven PAs and the Class F Mode 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overdriven Class A Amplifier 6.3 Overdriven Class AB Amplifier 6.4 Class F: Introduction and Theory 6.5 Class F in Practice 6.6 The Clipping Model for the Class F Mode—Class FD 6.7 PA_Waves 6.8 Class F Simulations 6.9 Conclusions References CHAPTER 7 Switching Mode Amplifiers for RF Applications 7.1 Introduction 65 65 67 67 68 68 73 77 81 81 81 84 89 89 91 92 100 102 105 107 112 115 122 124 129 131 133 133 134 139 143 149 155 163 164 171 172 173 173
    Contents 7.2 A Simple Switching Amplifier 7.3 A Tuned Switching Amplifier 7.4 The Class D Switching Amplifier 7.4 Class E—Introduction 7.5 Class E—Simplified Analysis 7.6 Class E—Design Example 7.7 Conclusions References CHAPTER 8 Switching PA Modes at GHz Frequencies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ignoring the Obvious: Breaking the 100% Barrier 8.3 Waveform Engineering 8.4 PA_Waves 8.5 Implementation and Simulation 8.6 Conclusions References CHAPTER 9 Nonlinear Effects in RF Power Amplifiers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Two-Carrier Power Series Analysis 9.3 Two-Carrier Envelope Analysis 9.4 Envelope Analysis with Variable PAR 9.5 AM to PM Effects 9.6 PA Memory Effects 9.7 Digital Modulation Systems 9.7.1 Introduction to Digital Modulation 9.7.2 QPSK Modulation Systems 9.7.3 CDMA and WCDMA 9.7.4 OFDM Modulation, 802.11/16 Standards 9.8 30 Watt LDMOS Test Amplifier Measurements 9.9 Conclusions References CHAPTER 10 Efficiency Enhancement Techniques Introduction 10.1 Efficiency Enhancement 10.2 The Doherty Amplifier 10.3 Realization of the Doherty Amplifier 10.4 Outphasing Techniques 10.5 Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) 10.6 Envelope Tracking 10.7 Power Converters for EER and ET 10.8 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) vii 174 178 180 182 183 192 198 199 201 201 202 205 216 225 227 229 231 231 233 240 246 250 256 261 261 262 268 275 278 282 283 285 285 286 290 298 303 309 311 314 318
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