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Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications

Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications JIA-SHENG HONG M. J. LANCASTER A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHEIM / BRISBANE / SINGAPORE / TORONTO

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. ISBN 0-471-22161-9 This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-38877-7. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com.

Contents Preface 1. Introduction 2. Network Analysis 2.1 Network Variables 2.2 Scattering Parameters 2.3 Short-Circuit Admittance Parameters 2.4 Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters 2.5 ABCD Parameters 2.6 Transmission Line Networks 2.7 Network Connections 2.8 Network Parameter Conversions 2.9 Symmetrical Network Analysis 2.10 Multi-Port Networks 2.11 Equivalent and Dual Networks 2.12 Multi-Mode Networks References 3. Basic Concepts and Theories of Filters 3.1 Transfer Functions 3.1.1 General Definitions 3.1.2 The Poles and Zeros on the Complex Plane 3.1.3 Butterworth (Maximally Flat) Response 3.1.4 Chebyshev Response 3.1.5 Elliptic Function Response 3.1.6 Gaussian (Maximally Flat Group-Delay) Response xi 1 7 7 8 11 11 12 12 14 17 18 21 24 26 28 29 29 29 30 31 32 34 36 v

vi CONTENTS 3.1.7 All-Pass Response 3.2 Lowpass Prototype Filters and Elements 3.2.1 Butterworth Lowpass Prototype Filters 3.2.2 Chebyshev Lowpass Prototype Filters 3.2.3 Elliptic Function Lowpass Prototype Filters 3.2.4 Gaussian Lowpass Prototype Filters 3.2.5 All-Pass Lowpass Prototype Filters 3.3 Frequency and Element Transformations 3.3.1 Lowpass Transformation 3.3.2 Highpass Transformation 3.3.3 Bandpass Transformation 3.3.4 Bandstop Transformation 3.4 Immittance Inverters 3.4.1 Definition of Immittance, Impedance and Admittance Inverters 3.4.2 Filters with Immittance Inverters 3.4.3 Practical Realization of Immittance Inverters 3.5 Richards’ Transformation and Kuroda Identities 3.5.1 Richards’ Transformation 3.5.2 Kuroda Identities 3.5.3 Coupled-Line Equivalent Circuits 3.6 Dissipation and Unloaded Quality Factor 3.6.1 Unloaded Quality Factors of Lossy Reactive Elements 3.6.2 Dissipation Effects on Lowpass and Highpass Filters 3.6.3 Dissipation Effects on Bandpass and Bandstop Filters References 4. Transmission Lines and Components 4.1 Microstrip Lines 4.1.1 Microstrip Structure 4.1.2 Waves in Microstrip 4.1.3 Quasi-TEM Approximation 4.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant and Characteristic Impedance 4.1.5 Guided Wavelength, Propagation Constant, Phase 4.1.5 Velocity, and Electrical Length 4.1.6 Synthesis of W/h 4.1.7 Effect of Strip Thickness 4.1.8 Dispersion in Microstrip 4.1.9 Microstrip Losses 4.1.10 Effect of Enclosure 4.1.11 Surface Waves and Higher-Order Modes 4.2 Coupled Lines 4.2.1 Even- and Odd-Mode Capacitances 4.2.2 Even- and Odd-Mode Characteristic Impedances and Effective 4.1.5 Dielectric Constants 4.2.3 More Accurate Design Equations 37 38 41 41 44 46 47 48 49 51 51 53 54 54 56 60 61 61 66 66 69 70 71 73 75 77 77 77 77 78 78 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 84 85 87 87

CONTENTS vii 4.3 Discontinuities and Components 4.3.1 Microstrip Discontinuities 4.3.2 Microstrip Components 4.3.3 Loss Considerations for Microstrip Resonators 4.4 Other Types of Microstrip Lines References 5. Lowpass and Bandpass Filters 5.1 Lowpass Filters 5.1.1 Stepped-Impedance L-C Ladder Type Lowpass Filters 5.1.2 L-C Ladder Type of Lowpass Filters using Open-Circuited Stubs 5.1.3 Semilumped Lowpass Filters Having Finite-Frequency 5.1.3 Attenuation Poles 5.2 Bandpass Filters 5.2.1 End-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters 5.2.2 Parallel-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters 5.2.3 Hairpin-Line Bandpass Filters 5.2.4 Interdigital Bandpass Filters 5.2.5 Combline Filters 5.2.6 Pseudocombline Filters 5.2.7 Stub Bandpass Filters References 6. Highpass and Bandstop Filters 6.1 Highpass Filters 6.1.1 Quasilumped Highpass Filters 6.1.2 Optimum Distributed Highpass Filters 6.2 Bandstop Filters 6.2.1 Narrow-Band Bandstop Filters 6.2.2 Bandstop Filters with Open-Circuited Stubs 6.2.3 Optimum Bandstop Filters 6.2.4 Bandstop Filters for RF Chokes References 7. Advanced Materials and Technologies 7.1 Superconducting Filters 7.1.1 Superconducting Materials 7.1.2 Complex Conductivity of Superconductors 7.1.3 Penetration Depth of Superconductors 7.1.4 Surface Impedance of Superconductors 7.1.5 Nonlinearity of Superconductors 7.1.6 Substrates for Superconductors 7.1.7 HTS Microstrip Filters 7.1.8 High-Power HTS Filters 7.2 Ferroelectric Tunable Filters 89 89 93 102 104 106 109 109 109 112 116 121 121 127 129 133 142 148 151 158 161 161 161 165 168 168 176 182 188 190 191 191 191 192 193 194 197 199 200 201 204

viii CONTENTS 7.2.1 Ferroelectric Materials 7.2.2 Dielectric Properties 7.2.3 Tunable Microstrip Filters 7.3 Micromachined Filters 7.3.1 MEMS and Micromachining 7.3.2 Micromachined Microstrip Filters 7.4 MMIC Filters 7.4.1 MMIC Technology 7.4.2 MMIC Microstrip Filters 7.5 Active Filters 7.5.1 Active Filter Methodologies 7.5.2 Active Microstrip Filters 7.6 Photonic Bandgap (PBG) Filters 7.6.1 PBG Structures 7.6.2 PBG Microstrip Filters 7.7 Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) Filters 7.7.1 LTCC Technology 7.7.2 Miniaturized LTCC Filters References 8. Coupled Resonator Circuits 8.1 General Coupling Matrix for Coupled-Resonator Filters 8.1.1 Loop Equation Formulation 8.1.2 Node Equation Formulation 8.1.3 General Coupling Matrix 8.2 General Theory of Couplings 8.2.1 Synchronously Tuned Coupled-Resonator Circuits 8.2.2 Asynchronously Tuned Coupled-Resonator Circuits 8.3 General Formulation for Extracting Coupling Coefficient k 8.4 Formulation for Extracting External Quality Factor Qe 8.4.1 Singly Loaded Resonator 8.4.2 Doubly Loaded Resonator 8.5 Numerical Examples 8.5.1 Extracting k (Synchronous Tuning) 8.5.2 Extracting k (Asynchronous Tuning) 8.5.3 Extracting Qe References 9. CAD for Low-Cost and High-Volume Production 9.1 Computer-Aided Design Tools 9.2 Computer-Aided Analysis 9.2.1 Circuit Analysis 9.2.2 Electromagnetic Simulation 9.2.3 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 205 206 208 211 211 211 215 215 216 217 217 219 221 221 222 224 224 225 227 235 236 236 240 243 244 245 251 257 258 259 262 264 265 267 270 271 273 274 274 274 279 283

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