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利用NV色心探测磁场.pdf

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    Magnetic Field Sensing with Nitrogen- Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Pham, Linh My. 2013. Magnetic Field Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11051173 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA
    Magnetic Field Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond A dissertation presented by Linh My Pham to The School of Engineering and Applied Sciences in partial fulllment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Applied Physics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2013
    ©2013 - Linh My Pham All rights reserved.
    Dissertation Advisors: Ronald Walsworth, Marko Lon£ar Linh My Pham Magnetic Field Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond Abstract In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center has emerged as a promising magnetic sensor capable of measuring magnetic elds with high sensitivity and spa- tial resolution under ambient conditions. This combination of characteristics allows NV magnetometers to probe magnetic structures and systems that were previously inaccessible with alternative magnetic sensing technologies This dissertation presents and discusses a number of the initial eorts to demon- strate and improve NV magnetometry. In particular, a wide-eld CCD based NV magnetic eld imager capable of micron-scale spatial resolution is demonstrated; and magnetic eld alignment, preferential NV orientation, and multipulse dynamical de- coupling techniques are explored for enhancing magnetic sensitivity. The further application of dynamical decoupling control sequences as a spectral probe to extract information about the dynamics of the NV spin environment is also discussed; such information may be useful for determining optimal diamond sample parameters for dierent applications. Finally, several proposed and recently demonstrated applica- tions which take advantage of NV magnetometers' sensitivity and spatial resolution at room temperature are presented, with particular focus on bio-magnetic eld imaging. iii
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    Contents Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Citations to Previously Published Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i iii v ix xi xiii 1 NV Background 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 NV Physical Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 NV Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 NV incorporation during CVD synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Nitrogen ion implantation and annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 N-to-NV conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 NV Electronic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Coherent manipulation of NV spin state 1.5.1 Continuous-Wave Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy . . . 1.5.2 Rabi Nutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 NV spin dephasing, decoherence, and relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . ∗ 1.6.1 T 2 spin dephasing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.2 T2 spin decoherence time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.3 T1 spin relaxation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NV Magnetometry 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 DC magnetometry: ESR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 2.2.3 Initial demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 DC magnetometry: Ramsey sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 4 5 6 9 10 14 15 16 18 20 23 27 29 29 31 31 33 34 36 36 v
    Contents 2.3.2 2.3.3 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 AC magnetometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 39 39 39 43 44 45 3 NV Spin Coherence Dependence on Magnetic Field Misalignment 47 47 49 51 55 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 NV13C hyperne interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 NV Magnetic Field Imaging Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.2 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Micron-scale magnetic eld variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Wide-eld magnetic eld patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Preferential NV Orientation Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 Preferential NV orientation in {100} samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Enhanced AC magnetometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 57 58 59 63 66 67 67 69 69 71 74 74 76 80 6 Dynamical Decoupling 6.3 Dynamical decoupling at low temperature 6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Dynamical decoupling at room temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Multipulse magnetometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 83 86 86 90 91 94 98 6.4.1 98 6.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 vi
    Contents 7 Spectral Decomposition 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 106 7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Spectral decomposition technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Spectral decomposition deconvolution procedure . . . . . . . . 108 Spectral function of a spin bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Sample C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Samples F and G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3.1 Spin bath suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.3.2 Ensemble averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.2.1 7.2.2 8 Outlook 125 8.1 Sensitivity of an NV magnetic sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.1.1 Measurement contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8.1.2 Number of photons collected per measurement . . . . . . . . . 127 8.1.3 Coherence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.2 Spatial resolution of an NV magnetic sensor 8.3 Discussion of trade-os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 A NV Magnetic Sensitivity 137 A.1 DC magnetometry: ESR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 A.2 DC magnetometry: Ramsey sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 A.3 AC magnetometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 B Experimental Apparatus 146 B.1 CCD based wide-eld uorescence microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 B.2 Scanning confocal microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 B.3 Low temperature setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 C Coherence Time T2 Theoretical Limit D Diamond Samples Bibliography 152 157 161 vii
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