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Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices SECOND EDITION.pdf
Book Cover
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
Part I Converters in Equilibrium
2 Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis.pdf
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 INDUCTOR VOLT-SECOND BALANCE, CAPACITOR CHARGE BALANCE, AND THE SMALL-RIPPLE APPROXIMATION
2.3 BOOST CONVERTER EXAMPLE
2.4 CUK CONVERTER EXAMPLE
2.5 ESTIMATING THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE IN CONVERTERS CONTAINING TWO-POLE LOW-PASS FILTERS
2.6 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
3 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency.pdf
3.1 THE DC TRANSFORMER MODEL
3.2 INCLUSION OF INDUCTOR COPPER LOSS
3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL
3.3.1 Inductor Voltage Equation
3.3.2 Capacitor Current Equation
3.3.3 Complete Circuit Model
3.3.4 Efficiency
3.4 HOW TO OBTAIN THE INPUT PORT OF THE MODEL
3.5 EXAMPLE: INCLUSION OF SEMICONDUCTOR CONDUCTION LOSSES IN THE BOOST CONVERTER MODEL
3.6 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
4 Switch Realization.pdf
4.1 SWITCH APPLICATIONS
4.1.1 Single-Quadrant Switches
4.1.2 Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
4.1.3 Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
4.1.4 Four-Quadrant Switches
4.1.5 Synchronous Rectifiers
4.2 A BRIEF SURVEY OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
4.2.1 Power Diodes
4.2.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
4.2.3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
4.2.4 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
4.2.5 Thyristors (SCR, GTO, MCT)
4.3 SWITCHING LOSS
4.3.1 Transistor Switching with Clamped Inductive Load
4.3.2 Diode Recovered Charge
4.3.3 Device Capacitances, and Leakage, Package, and Stray Inductances
4.3.4 Efficiency vs. Switching Frequency
4.4 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
5 The Discontinuous Conduction Mode.pdf
5.1 ORIGIN OF THE DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE, AND MODE BOUNDARY
5.2 ANALYSIS OF THE CONVERSION RATIO M(D, K)
5.3 BOOST CONVERTER EXAMPLE
5.4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND KEY POINTS
PROBLEMS
6 Converter Circuits.pdf
6.1 CIRCUIT MANIPULATIONS
6.1.1 Inversion of Source and Load
6.1.2 Cascade Connection of Converters
6.1.3 Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell
6.1.4 Differential Connection of the Load
6.2 A SHORT LIST OF CONVERTERS
6.3 TRANSFORMER ISOLATION
6.3.1 Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge Isolated Buck Converters
6.3.2 Forward Converter
6.3.3 Push-Pull Isolated Buck Converter
6.3.4 Flyback Converter
6.3.5 Boost-Derived Isolated Converters
6.3.6 Isolated Versions of the SEPIC and the CUK Converter
6.4 CONVERTER EVALUATION AND DESIGN
6.4.1 Switch Stress and Utilization
6.4.2 Design Using Computer Spreadsheet
6.5 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
Part II Converter Dynamics and Control
7 AC equivalent circuit Modeling.pdf
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 THE BASIC AC MODELING APPROACH
7.2.1 Averaging the Inductor Waveforms
7.2.2 Discussion of the Averaging Approximation
7.2.3 Averaging the Capacitor Waveforms
7.2.4 The Average Input Current
7.2.5 Perturbation and Linearization
7.2.6 Construction of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Model
7.2.7 Discussion of the Perturbation and Linearization Step
7.2.8 Results for Several Basic Converters
7.2.9 Example: A Nonideal Flyback Converter
7.3 STATE-SPACE AVERAGING
7.3.1 The State Equations of a Network
7.3.2 The Basic State-Space Averaged Model
7.3.3 Discussion of the State-Space Averaging Result
7.3.4 Example: State-Space Averaging of a Nonideal Buck-Boost Converter
7.4 CIRCUIT AVERAGING AND AVERAGED SWITCH MODELING
7.4.1 Obtaining a Time-Invariant Circuit
7.4.2 Circuit Averaging
7.4.3 Perturbation and Linearization
7.4.4 Switch Networks
7.4.5 Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Conduction Losses
7.4.6 Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Switching Losses
7.5 THE CANONICAL CIRCUIT MODEL
7.5.1 Development of the Canonical Circuit Model
7.5.2 Example: Manipulation of the Buck-Boost Converter Model into Canonical Form
7.5.3 Canonical Circuit Parameter Values for Some Common Converters
7.6 MODELING THE PULSE-WIDTH MODULATOR
7.7 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
8 Converter Transfer Functions.pdf
8.1 REVIEW OF BODE PLOTS
8.1.1 Single Pole Response
8.1.2 Single Zero Response
8.1.3 Right Half-Plane Zero
8.1.4 Frequency Inversion
8.1.5 Combinations
8.1.6 Quadratic Pole Response: Resonance
8.1.7 The Low-Q Approximation
8.1.8 Approximate Roots of an Arbitrary-Degree Polynomial
8.2 ANALYSIS OF CONVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
8.2.1 Example: Transfer Functions of the Buck-Boost Converter
8.2.2 Transfer Functions of Some Basic CCM Converters
8.2.3 Physical Origins of the Right Half-Plane Zero in Converters
8.3 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF IMPEDANCES AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
8.3.1 Series Impedances: Addition of Asymptotes
8.3.2 Series Resonant Circuit Example
8.3.3 Parallel Impedances: Inverse Addition of Asymptotes
8.3.4 Parallel Resonant Circuit Example
8.3.5 Voltage Divider Transfer Functions: Division of Asymptotes
8.4 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF CONVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
8.5 MEASUREMENT OF AC TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND IMPEDANCES
8.6 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
9 Controller Design.pdf
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON THE NETWORK TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
9.2.1 Feedback Reduces the Transfer Functions from Disturbances to the Output
9.2.2 Feedback Causes the Transfer Function from the Reference Input to the Output to be Insensitive to Variations in the Gains in the Forward Path of the Loop
9.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPORTANT QUANTITIES 1/(1 + T) AND T/(1 + T) AND THE CLOSED-LOOP TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
9.4 STABILITY
9.4.1 The Phase Margin Test
9.4.2 The Relationship Between Phase Margin and Closed-Loop Damping Factor
9.4.3 Transient Response vs. Damping Factor
9.5 REGULATOR DESIGN
9.5.1 Lead (PD) compensator
9.5.2 Lag (PI) Compensator
9.5.3 Combined (PID) Compensator
9.5.4 Design Example
9.6 MEASUREMENT OF LOOP GAINS
9.6.1 Voltage Injection
9.6.2 Current Injection
9.6.3 Measurement of Unstable Systems
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
10 Input Filter Design.pdf
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.1.1 Conducted EMI
10.1.2 The Input Filter Design Problem
10.2 EFFECT OF AN INPUT FILTER ON CONVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
10.2.1 Discussion
10.2.2 Impedance Inequalities
10.3 BUCK CONVERTER EXAMPLE
10.3.1 Effect of Undamped Input Filter
10.3.2 Damping the Input Filter
10.4 DESIGN OF A DAMPED INPUT FILTER
10.4.1 Rf-Cb Parallel Damping
10.4.2 Rf-Lb Parallel Damping
10.4.3 Rf-Lb Series Damping
10.4.4 Cascading Filter Sections
10.4.5 Example: Two Stage Input Filter
10.5 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
11 AC and DC Equivallent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode.pdf
11.1 DCM AVERAGED SWITCH MODEL
11.2 SMALL-SIGNAL AC MODELING OF THE DCM SWITCH NETWORK
11.2.1 Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Responseof a DCM Boost Converter
11.2.2 Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Responsesof a CCM/DCM SEPIC
11.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF CONVERTERS IN DCM
11.4 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
12 Current Programmed Control.pdf
12.1 OSCILLATION FOR D > 0.5
12.2 A SIMPLE FIRST-ORDER MODEL
12.2.1 Simple Model via Algebraic Approach: Buck-Boost Example
12.2.2 Averaged Switch Modeling
12.3 A MORE ACCURATE MODEL
12.3.1 Current Programmed Controller Model
12.3.2 Solution of the CPM Transfer Functions
12.3.3 Discussion
12.3.4 Current-Programmed Transfer Functions of the CCM Buck Converter
12.3.5 Results for Basic Converters
12.3.6 Quantitative Effects of Current-Programmed Controlon the Converter Transfer Functions
12.4 DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
12.5 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
Part III Magnetics
13 Basic Magnetics Theory.pdf
13.1 REVIEW OF BASIC MAGNETICS
13.2 TRANSFORMER MODELING
13.3 LOSS MECHANISMS IN MAGNETIC DEVICES
13.4 EDDY CURRENTS IN WINDING CONDUCTORS
13.5 SEVERAL TYPES OF MAGNETIC DEVICES, THEIR B–H LOOPS, ANDCORE VS. COPPER LOSS
13.6 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
14 Inductor Design.pdf
14.1FILTER INDUCTOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
14.2 A STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE
14.3 MULTIPLE-WINDING MAGNETICS DESIGN VIA THE kg METHOD
14.4 EXAMPLES
14.5 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
15 Transformer Design.pdf
15.1 TRANSFORMER DESIGN: BASIC CONSTRAINTS
15.2 A STEP-BY-STEP TRANSFORMER DESIGN PROCEDURE
15.3 EXAMPLES
15.4 AC INDUCTOR DESIGN
15.5 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
Prt IV Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics
16 Power and Harmonics in Nosinusoidal Systems.pdf
16.1 AVERAGE POWER
16.2 ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (RMS) VALUE OF A WAVEFORM
16.3 POWER FACTOR
16.4 POWER PHASORS IN SINUSOIDAL SYSTEMS
16.5 HARMONIC CURRENTS IN THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
16.6 AC LINE CURRENT HARMONIC STANDARDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PROBLEMS
17 Line-commutated Rectifiers.pdf
17.1 THE SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
17.2 THE THREE-PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
17.3 PHASE CONTROL
17.4 HARMONIC TRAP FILTERS
17.5 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
17.6 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
18 Pulse-Width Modutated Rectifiers.pdf
18.1 PROPERTIES OF THE IDEAL RECTIFIER
18.2 REALIZATION OF A NEAR-IDEAL RECTIFIER
18.3 CONTROL OF THE CURRENT WAVEFORM
18.4 SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTER SYSTEMS INCORPORATINGIDEAL RECTIFIERS
18.5 RMS VALUES OF RECTIFIER WAVEFORMS
18.6 MODELING LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY IN CCM HIGH-QUALITY RECTIFIERS
18.7 IDEAL THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
18.8 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
Part V Resonant Converters
19 Resonant Conversion.pdf
19.1 SINUSOIDAL ANALYSIS OF RESONANT CONVERTERS
19.2 EXAMPLES
19.3 SOFT SWITCHING
19.4 LOAD-DEPENDENT PROPERTIESOF RESONANT CONVERTERS
19.5 EXACT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SERIESAND PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTERS
19.6 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
20 Soft Switching.pdf
20.1 SOFT-SWITCHING MECHANISMSOF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
20.2 THE ZERO-CURRENT SWITCHING QUASI-RESONANT SWITCH CELL
20.3 RESONANT SWITCH TOPOLOGIES
20.4 SOFT SWITCHING IN PWM CONVERTERS
20.5 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
Appendices
Appendix A RMS Values of Commonly Observed
Appendix B Simulation of Converters
Appendix C Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem
Appendix D Magnetics Design Tables
Index
Fundamentals of
Power Electronics
SECOND EDITION
Fundamentals of
Power Electronics
SECOND EDITION
Robert W. Erickson
Dragan
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
0-306-48048-4
eBook ISBN:
Print ISBN: 0-7923-7270-0
©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print ©2001 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
New York
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at:
and Kluwer's eBookstore at:
http://kluweronline.com
http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
Dedicated to
Linda, William, and Richard
Lidija, Filip, Nikola, and Stevan
Contents
Preface
1
Introduction to Power Processing
Several Applications of Power Electronics
Elements of Power Electronics
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
References
Converters in Equilibrium
Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis
I
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Introduction
Inductor Volt-Second Balance, Capacitor Charge Balance, and the Small-Ripple
Approximation
Boost Converter Example
uk Converter Example
Estimating the Output Voltage Ripple in Converters Containing Two-Pole
Low-Pass Filters
Summary of Key Points
2.6
References
Problems
3
Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
3.1
3.2
3.3
The DC Transformer Model
Inclusion of Inductor Copper Loss
Construction of Equivalent Circuit Model
xix
1
1
7
9
11
13
13
15
22
27
31
34
34
35
39
39
42
45
viii
Contents
3.6
References
Problems
4
Switch Realization
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
References
Problems
Inductor Voltage Equation
Capacitor Current Equation
Complete Circuit Model
Efficiency
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
How to Obtain the Input Port of the Model
Example: Inclusion of Semiconductor Conduction Losses in the Boost
Converter Model
Summary of Key Points
Single-Quadrant Switches
Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
Four-Quadrant Switches
Synchronous Rectifiers
Switch Applications
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
A Brief Survey of Power Semiconductor Devices
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
Switching Loss
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
Summary of Key Points
Power Diodes
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Thyristors (SCR, GTO, MCT)
Transistor Switching with Clamped Inductive Load
Diode Recovered Charge
Device Capacitances, and Leakage, Package, and Stray Inductances
Efficiency vs. Switching Frequency
5
The Discontinuous Conduction Mode
Origin of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode, and Mode Boundary
Analysis of the Conversion Ratio M(D,K)
Boost Converter Example
Summary of Results and Key Points
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Problems
6
Converter Circuits
6.1
Circuit Manipulations
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
Inversion of Source and Load
Cascade Connection of Converters
Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell
46
46
47
48
50
52
56
56
57
63
65
65
67
71
72
73
74
75
78
81
86
88
92
93
96
98
100
101
102
103
107
108
112
117
124
126
131
132
132
134
137
Contents
ix
Differential Connection of the Load
Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge Isolated Buck Converters
Forward Converter
Push-Pull Isolated Buck Converter
Flyback Converter
Boost-Derived Isolated Converters
Isolated Versions of the SEPIC and the
Converter
Switch Stress and Utilization
Design Using Computer Spreadsheet
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.1.4
A Short List of Converters
Transformer Isolation
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
Converter Evaluation and Design
6.4.1
6.4.2
Summary of Key Points
6.5
References
Problems
Converter Dynamics and Control
AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling
II
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Averaging the Inductor Waveforms
Discussion of the Averaging Approximation
Averaging the Capacitor Waveforms
The Average Input Current
Perturbation and Linearization
Construction of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Model
Discussion of the Perturbation and Linearization Step
Results for Several Basic Converters
Example: A Nonideal Flyback Converter
Introduction
The Basic AC Modeling Approach
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.2.9
State-Space Averaging
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
Circuit Averaging and Averaged Switch Modeling
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
The Canonical Circuit Model
7.5.1
Obtaining a Time-Invariant Circuit
Circuit Averaging
Perturbation and Linearization
Switch Networks
Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Conduction Losses
Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Switching Losses
Development of the Canonical Circuit Model
The State Equations of a Network
The Basic State-Space Averaged Model
Discussion of the State-Space Averaging Result
Example: State-Space Averaging of a Nonideal Buck–Boost Converter
138
143
146
149
154
159
161
165
168
171
171
174
177
177
179
185
187
187
192
193
194
196
197
197
201
202
204
204
213
213
216
217
221
226
228
229
232
235
242
244
247
248
x
Contents
7.5.2
7.6
7.7
References
Problems
Example: Manipulation of the Buck–Boost Converter Model
into Canonical Form
Canonical Circuit Parameter Values for Some Common Converters
7.5.3
Modeling the Pulse-Width Modulator
Summary of Key Points
8
Converter Transfer Functions
8.1
8.2
8.3
Single Pole Response
Single Zero Response
Right Half-Plane Zero
Frequency Inversion
Combinations
Quadratic Pole Response: Resonance
The Low-Q Approximation
Approximate Roots of an Arbitrary-Degree Polynomial
Review of Bode Plots
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7
8.1.8
Analysis of Converter Transfer Functions
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Graphical Construction of Impedances and Transfer Functions
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
Graphical Construction of Converter Transfer Functions
Measurement of AC Transfer Functions and Impedances
Summary of Key Points
Series Impedances: Addition of Asymptotes
Series Resonant Circuit Example
Parallel Impedances: Inverse Addition of Asymptotes
Parallel Resonant Circuit Example
Voltage Divider Transfer Functions: Division of Asymptotes
Example: Transfer Functions of the Buck–Boost Converter
Transfer Functions of Some Basic CCM Converters
Physical Origins of the RHP Zero in Converters
8.4
8.5
8.6
References
Problems
9
Controller Design
9.1
9.2
Introduction
Effect of Negative Feedback on the Network Transfer Functions
9.2.1
Feedback Reduces the Transfer Functions
from Disturbances to the Output
Feedback Causes the Transfer Function from the Reference Input
to the Output to be Insensitive to Variations in the Gains in the
Forward Path of the Loop
9.2.2
9.3
9.4
Construction of the Important Quantities 1/(1 + T) and T/(1 + T)
and the Closed-Loop Transfer Functions
Stability
250
252
253
256
257
258
265
267
269
275
276
277
278
282
287
289
293
294
300
300
302
303
305
308
309
311
313
317
321
322
322
331
331
334
335
337
337
340
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