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Augmented Reality Principles and Practice Dieter Schmalstieg Tobias Höllerer Boston • Columbus • Indianapolis • New York • San Francisco • Amsterdam • Cape Town Dubai • London • Madrid • Milan • Munich • Paris • Montreal • Toronto • Delhi • Mexico City São Paulo • Sydney • Hong Kong • Seoul • Singapore • Taipei • Tokyo
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com . For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact intlcs@pearson.com . Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schmalstieg, D. (Dieter), author. | Höllerer, Tobias, 1970– author. Title: Augmented reality : principles and practice / Dieter Schmalstieg, Tobias Höllerer. Description: Boston : Addison-Wesley, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016009049 | ISBN 9780321883575 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subject: LCSH: Augmented reality. Classification: LCC QA76.9.A94 S36 2016 | DDC 006.8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016009049 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ . ISBN-13: 978-0-321-88357-5 ISBN-10: 0-321-88357-8 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana. First printing, June 2016 Publisher Mark L. Taub Executive Editor Laura Lewin Development Editor Susan Brown Zahn Managing Editor Sandra Schroeder Full-Service Production Manager Julie B. Nahil Project Editor Thistle Hill Publishing Services Copy Editor Jill Hobbs Indexer John S. Lewis Proofreader Anna Popick Technical Reviewers Reinhold Behringer Doug Bowman Kiyoshi Kiyokawa Editorial Assistant
Olivia Basegio Cover Designer Chuti Prasertsith Compositor Shepherd, Inc.
To Ursula, Katharina, and Florian —Dieter To Julie, Clara, and Luisa —Tobias
Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors 1 Introduction to Augmented Reality Definition and Scope A Brief History of Augmented Reality Examples Industry and Construction Maintenance and Training Medical Personal Information Display Navigation Television Advertising and Commerce Games Related Fields Mixed Reality Continuum Virtual Reality Ubiquitous Computing Summary 2 Displays Multimodal Displays Audio Displays Haptic, Tactile, and Tangible Displays Olfactory and Gustatory Displays Visual Perception Requirements and Characteristics Method of Augmentation Ocularity and Stereoscopy Focus Occlusion Resolution and Refresh Rate Field of View Viewpoint Offset Brightness and Contrast Distortions and Aberrations Latency Ergonomics Social Acceptance Spatial Display Model Visual Displays Near-Eye Displays Handheld Displays Stationary Displays Projected Displays Summary 3 Tracking Tracking, Calibration, and Registration
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