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Augmented Reality
Principles and Practice
Dieter Schmalstieg
Tobias Höllerer
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schmalstieg, D. (Dieter), author. | Höllerer, Tobias, 1970– author.
Title: Augmented reality : principles and practice / Dieter Schmalstieg,
Tobias Höllerer.
Description: Boston : Addison-Wesley, 2016. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016009049 | ISBN 9780321883575 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subject: LCSH: Augmented reality.
Classification: LCC QA76.9.A94 S36 2016 | DDC 006.8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016009049
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson
Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ .
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-88357-5
ISBN-10: 0-321-88357-8
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
First printing, June 2016
Publisher
Mark L. Taub
Executive Editor
Laura Lewin
Development Editor
Susan Brown Zahn
Managing Editor
Sandra Schroeder
Full-Service Production Manager
Julie B. Nahil
Project Editor
Thistle Hill Publishing Services
Copy Editor
Jill Hobbs
Indexer
John S. Lewis
Proofreader
Anna Popick
Technical Reviewers
Reinhold Behringer
Doug Bowman
Kiyoshi Kiyokawa
Editorial Assistant
Olivia Basegio
Cover Designer
Chuti Prasertsith
Compositor
Shepherd, Inc.
To Ursula, Katharina, and Florian
—Dieter
To Julie, Clara, and Luisa
—Tobias
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Introduction to Augmented Reality
Definition and Scope
A Brief History of Augmented Reality
Examples
Industry and Construction
Maintenance and Training
Medical
Personal Information Display
Navigation
Television
Advertising and Commerce
Games
Related Fields
Mixed Reality Continuum
Virtual Reality
Ubiquitous Computing
Summary
2 Displays
Multimodal Displays
Audio Displays
Haptic, Tactile, and Tangible Displays
Olfactory and Gustatory Displays
Visual Perception
Requirements and Characteristics
Method of Augmentation
Ocularity and Stereoscopy
Focus
Occlusion
Resolution and Refresh Rate
Field of View
Viewpoint Offset
Brightness and Contrast
Distortions and Aberrations
Latency
Ergonomics
Social Acceptance
Spatial Display Model
Visual Displays
Near-Eye Displays
Handheld Displays
Stationary Displays
Projected Displays
Summary
3 Tracking
Tracking, Calibration, and Registration