Audio Effects Theory, Implementation and Application.pdf

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前封面

前言

关于作者

第一章: 简介和基础

第二章: 延迟效果

第三章: 滤波器设计

第四章: 滤波效果

第五章:调幅

第六章: 压缩/扩展器

第七章: 爆音,失真和模糊

第八章: 相位声码器

第九章:环绕音

第十章:多普勒效果

第11章: 混响

第十二章:音频制作

第十三章: 构建音频插件

参考文献

后封面

Audio Effects Theory, Implementation and Application Joshua D. Reiss Andrew P. McPherson

Audio Effects Theory, Implementation and Application Joshua D. Reiss Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom Andrew P. McPherson Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140911 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-6029-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................ix About the Authors .............................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction and Fundamentals ..................................................................1 Understanding Sound and Digital Audio ....................................................1 Working with Decibels ...............................................................................4 Level Measurements ...................................................................................5 Representing and Understanding Digital Signals ......................................6 Representing Complex Numbers .............................................................6 Frequency and Time– Frequency Representations .................................8 Aliasing ...................................................................................................... 10 Modifying and Processing Digital Signals ................................................12 The Z Transform and Filter Representation .......................................... 13 Digital Filter Example ............................................................................... 16 Nonlinear and Time- Varying Effects ..................................................... 17 2. Delay Line Effects ........................................................................................ 21 Delay ................................................................................................................ 21 Theory ......................................................................................................... 21 Other Delay Types ....................................................................................23 Implementation .........................................................................................25 Applications ...............................................................................................29 Vibrato Simulation .........................................................................................30 Theory ......................................................................................................... 31 Implementation ......................................................................................... 32 Applications ...............................................................................................38 Flanging ..........................................................................................................38 Theory .........................................................................................................40 Common Parameters ................................................................................45 Implementation .........................................................................................47 Applications ...............................................................................................50 Chorus ............................................................................................................. 51 Theory ......................................................................................................... 51 Common Parameters ................................................................................54 Summary: Flanger and Chorus Compared ...............................................56 3. Filter Design ..................................................................................................59 Filter Construction and Transformation .................................................... 61 Simple Prototype Low- Pass Filter ........................................................... 61 High- Order Prototype Low- Pass Filter .................................................. 62 iii

iv Contents Changing the Gain at the Cutoff Frequency .........................................64 Shifting the Cutoff Frequency .................................................................65 Creating a Shelving Filter ........................................................................66 Inverting the Magnitude Response ........................................................ 67 Simple Low- Pass to Band-Pass Transformation ................................... 67 Popular IIR Filter Design .............................................................................. 69 Low Pass ..................................................................................................... 70 High Pass ....................................................................................................71 Low Shelf .................................................................................................... 74 High Shelf ...................................................................................................75 Gain at Bandwidth ....................................................................................77 Band-Pass Filters .......................................................................................77 Band-Stop Filters ....................................................................................... 78 Peaking and Notch Filters .......................................................................80 The Allpass Filter ........................................................................................... 81 Applications of Filter Fundamentals...........................................................84 Exponential Moving Average Filter .......................................................84 Loudspeaker Crossovers ..........................................................................85 4. Filter Effects ...................................................................................................89 Equalization ....................................................................................................89 Theory .........................................................................................................89 Implementation ....................................................................................... 100 Applications ............................................................................................. 104 Wah- Wah ....................................................................................................... 105 Theory ....................................................................................................... 105 Implementation ....................................................................................... 109 Phaser ............................................................................................................ 112 Theory ....................................................................................................... 112 Implementation ....................................................................................... 114 5. Amplitude Modulation .............................................................................. 125 Tremolo .......................................................................................................... 125 Theory ....................................................................................................... 125 Implementation ....................................................................................... 127 Ring Modulation .......................................................................................... 131 Theory ....................................................................................................... 131 Implementation ....................................................................................... 136 Applications ............................................................................................. 138 6. Dynamics Processing ................................................................................. 141 Dynamic Range Compression ................................................................... 141 Theory ....................................................................................................... 141 Implementation ....................................................................................... 150

Contents v Application ............................................................................................... 158 Summary .................................................................................................. 160 Noise Gates and Expanders ....................................................................... 160 Theory and Implementation .................................................................. 160 Applications ............................................................................................. 163 7. Overdrive, Distortion, and Fuzz .............................................................. 167 Theory............................................................................................................ 167 Characteristic Curve ............................................................................... 167 Hard and Soft Clipping .......................................................................... 169 Input Gain ................................................................................................ 170 Symmetry and Rectification .................................................................. 171 Harmonic Distortion .............................................................................. 173 Intermodulation Distortion ................................................................... 177 Analog Emulation ................................................................................... 179 Implementation ............................................................................................ 180 Basic Implementation ............................................................................. 180 Aliasing and Oversampling .................................................................. 180 Filtering .................................................................................................... 181 Common Parameters .............................................................................. 182 Tube Sound Distortion ........................................................................... 182 Code Example .......................................................................................... 183 Applications .................................................................................................. 185 Expressivity and Spectral Content ....................................................... 185 Sustain ...................................................................................................... 185 Comparison with Compression ............................................................ 185 8. The Phase Vocoder ..................................................................................... 189 Phase Vocoder Theory ................................................................................ 189 Overview .................................................................................................. 189 Windowing .............................................................................................. 192 Analysis: Fast Fourier Transform ......................................................... 194 Interpreting Frequency Domain Data ................................................. 194 Synthesis: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform .......................................... 196 Filterbank Analysis Variant ................................................................... 198 Oscillator Bank Reconstruction Variant .............................................. 199 Phase Vocoder Effects ................................................................................. 199 Robotization .............................................................................................200 Whisperization ........................................................................................204 Time Scaling ............................................................................................206 Pitch Shifting ........................................................................................... 207 Phase Vocoder Artifacts ......................................................................... 210

vi Contents 9. Spatial Audio ............................................................................................... 213 Theory............................................................................................................ 213 Panorama.................................................................................................. 213 Precedence................................................................................................ 216 Vector Base Amplitude Panning ........................................................... 219 Ambisonics ..............................................................................................220 Wave Field Synthesis ..............................................................................225 The Head- Related Transfer Function ...................................................228 Implementation ............................................................................................ 232 Joint Panorama and Precedence ........................................................... 232 Ambisonics and Its Relationship to VBAP ..........................................233 Implementation of WFS .........................................................................234 HRTF Calculation ...................................................................................234 Applications ..................................................................................................235 Transparent Amplification .....................................................................235 Surround Sound ......................................................................................235 Sound Reproduction Using HRTFs ......................................................236 10. The Doppler Effect ..................................................................................... 239 A Familiar Example ..................................................................................... 239 Derivation of the Doppler Effect ................................................................ 241 Simple Derivation of the Basic Doppler Effect .................................... 241 General Derivation of the Doppler Effect ............................................ 242 Simplifications and Approximations ...................................................244 Implementation ............................................................................................ 245 Time- Varying Delay Line Reads ........................................................... 245 Applications ..................................................................................................250 11. Reverberation ..............................................................................................253 Theory............................................................................................................253 Sabine and Norris– Eyring Equations ..................................................255 Direct and Reverberant Sound Fields .................................................. 257 Implementation ............................................................................................ 259 Algorithmic Reverb ................................................................................ 259 Generating Reverberation with the Image Source Method .............. 262 Convolutional Reverb ............................................................................. 267 Other Approaches ................................................................................... 270 Applications .................................................................................................. 270 Why Use Reverb? .................................................................................... 270 Stereo Reverb ........................................................................................... 272 Gated Reverb ............................................................................................ 272 Reverse Reverb ........................................................................................ 272 Common Parameters .............................................................................. 273

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