2017年12月英语六级真题第3套.doc

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2017年12月英语六级真题（第三套） Part I Writing （30 minutes） Directions: Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommenting on the saying “Respect others, and you will be respected”. You can cite examples to illustrate your views. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Part II Listening Comprehension （30 minutes）卷三听力部分与卷二相同 Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes） Section A Directions: In this section, there isa passagewithten blanks.Youarerequired toselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninaword bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before makingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter. PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. Many European countries have been making the shift to electric vehicles and Germany has just stated that they plan to ban the sales of vehicles using gasoline and diesel as fuel by 2030. The country is also planning to reduce its carbon footprint by 80-95% by 2050, ___26___ a shift to green energy in the country. Effectively, the ban will include the registration of new cars in the country as they will not allow any gasoline ___27___ vehicle to be registered after 2030. Part of the reason this ban is being discussed and ___28___ is because energy officials see that they will not reach their emissions goals by 2050 if they do not ___29___ a large portion of vehicle emissions. The country is still ___30___ that it will meet its emissions goals, like reducing emissions by 40% by 2020, but the ___31___ of electric cars in the country has not occurred as fast as expected. Other efforts to increase the use of electric vehicles include plans to build over 1 million hybrid and electric car battery charging stations across the country. By 2030, Germany plans on having over 6 million charging stations ___32___. According

to the International Business Times, electric car sales are expected to increase as Volkswagen is still recovering from its emissions scandal. There are ___33___ around 155,000 registered hybrid and electric vehicles on German roads, dwarfed by the 45 million gasoline and diesel cars driving there now. As countries continue setting goals of reducing emissions, greater steps need to be taken to have a ___34___ effect on the surrounding environment. While the efforts are certainly not ___35___, the results of such bans will likely only start to be seen by generations down the line, bettering the world for the future. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 I) incidentally J) installed K) noticeable L) powered M) restoration N) skeptical O) sparking A) acceptance B) currently C) disrupting D) eliminate E) exhaust F) futile G) hopeful H) implemented Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneofthe paragraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived. Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwith a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Apple’s Stance Highlights a More Confrontational Teach Industry [A] The battle between Apple and law enforcement officials over unlocking a terrorist’s smartphone is the culmination of a slow turning of the tables between the technology industry and the United States government. [B] After revelations by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden in 2013 that the government both coziedupto(讨好) certain tech companies and hacked into others to gain access to private data on an enormous scale, tech giants began to recognize the United States government as a hostile actor. But if the confrontation has crystallized in this latest battle, it may already be heading

toward a predictable conclusion: In the long run, the tech companies are destined to emerge victorious. [C] It may not seem that way at the moment. On the one side, you have the United States government’s mighty legal and security apparatus fighting for data of the most sympathetic sort: the secrets buried in a dead mass murderer’s phone. The action stems from a federal court order issued on Tuesday requiring Apple to help the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to unlock an iPhone used by one of the two attackers who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, California, in December. [D] In the other corner is the world’s most valuable company, whose chief executive, Timothy Cook, has said he will appeal the court’s order. Apple argues that it is fighting to preserve a principle that most of us who are addicted to our smartphones can defend: Weaken a single iPhone so that its contents can be viewed by the American government and you risk weakening all iPhones for any government intruder, anywhere. [E] There will probably be months of legal confrontation, and it is not at all clear which side will prevail in court, nor in the battle for public opinion and legislative favor. Yet underlying all of this is a simple dynamic: Apple, Google, Facebook and other companies hold most of the cards in this confrontation. They have our data, and their businesses depend on the global public’s collective belief that they will do everything they can to protect that data. [F] Any crack in that front could be fatal for tech companies that must operate worldwide. If Apple is forced to open up an iPhone for an American law enforcement investigation, what is to prevent it from doing so for a request from the Russians or the Iranians? If Apple is forced to write code that lets the FBI get into the Phone 5c used by Syed Rizwan Farook, the male attacker in the San Bernardino attack, who would be responsible if some hacker got hold of that code and broke into its other devices? [G] Apple’s stance on these issues emerged post-Snowden, when the company started putting in place a series of technologies that, by default, make use of encryption(加密) to limit access to people’s data. More than that, Apple, and, in different ways, other tech companies, including Google, Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft, have made their opposition to the government’s claims a point of corporate pride.

[H] Apple’s emerging global brand is privacy; it has staked its corporate reputation, not to mention the investment of considerable technical and financial resources, on limiting the sort of mass surveillance that was uncovered by Mr. Snowden. So now, for many cases involving governmental intrusions into data, once-lonely privacy advocates find themselves fighting alongside the most powerful company in the world. [I]“A comparison point is in the 1990s battles over encryption,” said Kurt Opsahl, general counsel of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a privacy watchdog group. “Then you had a few companies involved, but not one of the largest companies in the world coming out with a lengthy and impassioned post, like we saw yesterday from Timothy Cook. Its profile has really been raised.” [J] Apple and other tech companies hold another ace: the technical means to keep making their devices more and more inaccessible. Note that Apple’s public opposition to the government’s request is itself a hindrance to mass government intrusion. And to get at the contents of a single iPhone, the government says it needs a court order and Apple’s help to write new code; in earlier versions of the iPhone, ones that were created before Apple foundreligionon(热衷于) privacy, the FBI may have been able to break into the device by itself. [K] You can expect that noose(束缚) to continue to tighten. Experts said that whether or not Apple loses this specific case, measures that it could put into place in the future will almost certainly be able to further limit the government’s reach. [L] That’s not to say that the outcome of the San Bernardino case is insignificant. As Apple and several security experts have argued, an order compelling Apple to write software that gives the FBI access to the iPhone in question would establish an unsettling precedent. The order essentially asks Apple to hack its own devices, and once it is in place, the precedent could be used to justify law enforcement efforts to get around encryption technologies in other investigations far removed from national security threats. [M] Once armed with a method for gaining access to iPhones, the government could ask to use it proactively(先发制人地), before a suspected terrorist attack—leaving Apple in a bind as to whether to comply or risk an attack and suffer a public-relations nightmare. “This is a brand-new move in the war against encryption,” Mr. Opsahl said. “We’ve had plenty of debates in Congress and the media over whether the

government should have a backdoor, and this is an endrun(迂回战术) aroundthat—here they come with an order to create that backdoor.” [N] Yet it’s worth noting that even if Apple ultimately loses this case, it has plenty of technical means to close a backdoor over time. “If they’re anywhere near worth their salt as engineers, I bet they’re rethinking their threat model as we speak,” said Jonathan Zdziarski, a digital expert who studies the iPhone and its vulnerabilities. [O] One relatively simple fix, Mr. Zdziarski said, would be for Apple to modify future versions of the iPhone to require a user to enter a passcode before the phone will accept the sort of modified operating system that the FBI wants Apple to create. That way, Apple could not unilaterally introduce a code that weakens the iPhone—a user would have to consent to it. [P]“Nothing is 100 percent hacker-proof,” Mr. Zdziarski said, but he pointed out that the judge’s order in this case required Apple to provide “reasonable security assistance” to unlock Mr. Farook’s phone. If Apple alters the security model of future iPhones so that even its own engineers’ “reasonable assistance” will not be able to crack a given device when compelled by the government, a precedent set in this case might lose its lasting force. In other words, even if the F.B.I. wins this case, in the long run, it loses. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 36. It is a popular belief that tech companies are committed to protecting their customers’ private data. 37. The US government believes that its access to people’s iPhones could be used to prevent terrorist attacks. 38. A federal court asked Apple to help the FBI access data in a terrorist’s iPhone. 39. Privacy advocates now have Apple fighting alongside them against government access to personal data. 40. Snowden revealed that the American government had tried hard to access private data on a massive scale. 41. The FBI might have been able to access private data in earlier iPhones without Apple’s help. 42. After the Snowden incident, Apple made clear its position to counter government intrusion into personal data by means of encryption. 43. According to one digital expert, no iPhone can be entirely free from hacking.

44. Timothy Cook’s long web post has helped enhance Apple’s image. 45. Apple’s CEO has decided to appeal the federal court’s order to unlock a user’s iPhone. Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by somequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage. At the base of a mountain in Tanzania’s Gregory Rift, Lake Natron burns bright red, surrounded by the remains of animals that were unfortunate enough to fall into the salty water. Bats, swallows and more are chemically preserved in the pose in which they perished, sealed in the deposits of sodium carbonate in the water. The lake’s landscape is bizarre and deadly—and made even more so by the fact that it’s the place where nearly 75percent of the world’s flamingos(火烈鸟) are born. The water is so corrosive that it can burn the skin and eyes of unadapted animals. Flamingos, however, are the only species that actually makes life in the midst of all that death. Once every three or four years, when conditions are right, the lake is covered with the pink birds as they stop flight to breed. Three-quarters of the world’s flamingos fly over from other salt lakes in the Rift Valley and nest on salt-crystal islands that appear when the water is at specific level—too high and the birds can’t build their nests, too low and predators can more briskly across the lake bed and attack. When the water hits the right level,the baby birds are kept safe form predators by a corrosive ditch. “Flamingos have evolved very leathery skin on their legs so they can tolerate the salt water,” says David Harper, a professor at the University of Leicester. “Humans cannot, and would die if their legs were exposed for any length of time.” So far this year, water levels have been too high for the flamingos to nest. Some fish, too, have had limited success vacationing at the lake as less salty lagoons (泻湖) form on the outer edges from hot springs flowing into Lake Natron. Three species of tilapia (罗非鱼) thrive there part-time. “Fish have a refuge in the streams and can expand into the lagoons when the lake is low and the lagoons

are separate,” Harper said. “All the lagoons join when the lake is high and fish must retreat to their stream refuges or die.” Otherwise, no fish are able to survive in the naturally toxic lake. This unique ecosystem may soon be under pressure. The Tanzanian government has once again started mining the lake for soda ash, used for making chemicals, glass and detergents. Although the planned operation will be located more than 40 miles away, drawing the soda ash in through pipelines, conservationists worry it could still upset the natural water cycle and breeding grounds. For now, though, life prevails—even in a lake that kills almost everything it touches. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 46. What can we learn about Lake Natron? A) It is simply uninhabitable for most animals. B) It remains little known to the outside world. C) It is a breeding ground for a variety of birds. D) It makes an ideal habitat for lots of predators. 47. Flamingos nest only when the lake water is at a specific level so that their babies can ______. A) find safe shelter more easily B) grow thick feathers on their feet C) stay away from predators D) get accustomed to the salty water 48. Flamingos in the Rift Valley are unique in that _______. A) they can move swiftly across lagoons B) they can survive well in salty water C) they breed naturally in corrosive ditches D) they know where and when to nest 49. Why can certain species of tilapia sometimes survive around Lake Natron? A) They can take refuge in the less salty waters. B) They can flee quick enough from predators. C) They can move freely from lagoon to lagoon. D) They can stand the heat of the spring water. 50. What may be the consequence of Tanzanian government’s planned operation? A) The accelerated extinction of flamingos. B) The change of flamingos’ migration route. C) The overmining of Lake Natron’s soda ash. D) The disruption of Lake Natron’s ecosystem.

Passage two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. It is the season for some frantic last-minute math—across the country, employees of all stripes are counting backward in an attempt to figure out just how much paid time-off they have left it their reserves. More of them, though, will skip those calculations altogether and just power through the holidays into 2017: More than half of American workers don’t use up all of their allotted vacation days each year. Not so long ago, people would have turned up their noses at that kind of dedication to the job. As marketing professors Silvia Bellezza, Neeru Paharia, and Anat Keinan recently explained in HarvardBusinessReview (HBR), leisure time was once seen as an indicator of high social status, something attainable only for those at the top. Since the middle of the 20th century, though, things have turned the opposite way—these days, punishing hours at your desk, rather than days off, are seen as the mark of someone important. In a series of several experiments, the researchers illustrated just how much we’ve come to admire busyness, or at least the appearance of it. Volunteers read two passages, on about a man who led a life of leisure and another about a man who was over-worked and over-scheduled; when asked to determine which of the two had a higher social status, the majority of the participants said the latter. The same held true for people who used products that implied they were short on time: In one experiment, for example, customers of the grocery-delivery service Peapod were seen as of higher status than people who shopped at grocery stores that were equally expensive; in another, people wearing wireless headphones were considered further up on the social ladder than those wearing regular headphones, even when both were just used to listen to music. In part, the authors wrote in HBR, this pattern may have to do with the way work itself has changed over the past several decades. We think that the shift from leisure-as-status to busyness-as-status may be linked to the development of knowledge-intensive economies. In such economies, individuals who possess the human capital characteristics that employers or clients value (e.g., competence and ambition) are expected to be in high demand and short supply on the job market. Thus, by telling others that we are busy and working all the time, we are implicitly suggesting that we are sought after, which enhances our perceived status.

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