2013年山东大学考博英语真题.doc

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2013 年山东大学考博英语真题 B. at intervals Part I Grammar and Vocabulary 1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments. A. at large 2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which provide a secure__________ A. substitute 3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a A. gracious 4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it. D. alternative character. to carrying your money in cash. D. particular B. suspicious D. at random C. inference B. selection C. at ease C. unique D. December is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on A. absorption B. transition B. separately C. consumption C. in favor of C. irrelevantly D. interaction 5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. Indistinctly independently 6. Christmas 25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ. A. in accordance with D. in honor of B. in terms of 7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must __________the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand. A. improve 8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing. A. specimens D. specifications 9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction. A. bring forward 10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily__________for a month or a year as for a single day. A. put up 11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. A. infrequently 12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set of actions to protect its offspring. B. give rise to C. feed up with D. result from B. irregularly B. inspections C. unsteadily C. guarantee C. speed up B. stay up D. make up D. uneverny B. enhance D. gear C. samples A. hastens B. releases C. devises D. initiates 13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be__________to tourist spending? A. attributed 14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us in an C. contributed D. attached B. applied

advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old. A. ingredient D. inclination B. reliance C. shelter 15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to __________wonderful bargains in the market. A. pick up C. pile up 16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change. D. bring back B. bump into A. lively B. alive C. living D. live B. arrested B. identification B. import B. condoning D. enveloped B. assigning C. involving D. consenting C. produce D. develop C. spanned D. suspended B. provoked C. summoned C. acknowledgement D. compliment 17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City __________shock and anger throughout the world. A. tempted 18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today. A. enrolling 19. The UN official said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel. A. multiplied 20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world. A. confession 21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now __________much of their food. A. deliver 22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic A. criticizes...acumen dismisses…flair 23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers. A. imitating 24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere A. oriinal … cliches philosophical-questions inevitable__________, when weight loss A. moods … accelerates plateaus… slows 26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized. A. laudatory … styles critical… eulogies 27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the D. 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the C. holidays … contracts C. oblique … allusions B. obvious … anecdotes B. attacks…neutrality C. confronts…aptitude D. B. banal … beliefs C. dubious … habits C. instructing D. acknowledging B. feasts … halts D. D. if not stops.

erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy? A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse C. hope D. liberty C. vitality … D. empathy… rigor B. innate… unaffected by C. intricate… belong to D. B. enthusiasm … meticulousness 28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________, and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species. A. learned… immune to specific… confused with 29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price. A. order B. emancipation 30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her duties with__________as well as zeal. A. levity … resignation willingness PartⅡ Close The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits," Food Our Environment. "A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, and but a lose Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desired property or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies, or clones. about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, flying blindly into a new (49) few constraints, and little idea of the potensial (50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 31. A. suggests 32. A. concepts C. concerns C. techniques __37__ cross with a potato ..." B. recalls B. views says the book Genetic Engineering, will Concerns D. advises D. courses

C. specialize C. oppose C. Since C. concerns C. frequently C. select C. on one hand D. involve D. resist D. As D. lessons D. eventually D. collect D. in any case B. focus B. avoid B. Unless B. topics B. never B. transfer B. for one thing B. evolved B. In that 33. A. participate 34. A. treat 35. A. If 36. A. demands 37. A. sometimes 38. A. convey C. deadline B. form B. where D. vary D. so D. breaks D. when C. as D. is B.contributes B.because B. mystery C. outcomes D. identical D. goals C. injected D. taken C. In case D. In essence C. similar C. difficulties D. scheme D. destinations C. create C. as C.commands C. if B. for example B. alike B. height B. era 39. A. for example 40. A. resulted 41. A. In contrast 42. A. separate 43. A. what 44. A. combines 45. A. that 46. A. like 47. A. resembling 48. A. issues 49. A. spot 50. A. navigations Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Passage 1 The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭 ) than in providing a quality education for their students. ― The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the

________. content of the publications.‖ 51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously B) focus on training students in various skills C) encourage students to take as many courses as possible D) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends 52. By saying that ―in too many academic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________. A) ignores the actual situation B) is not based on the right perspective C) only focuses on an integrated core of common learning D) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students 53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that ________. A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many colleges B) students don’t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learn C) skills are being taught as a means to an end D) students are only interested in obtaining credentials 54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because ________. A) most of them lack high-quality faculties B) the interests of most faculty members lie in research C) there are not enough incentives for students to study hard D) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching 55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper context 来源：www.examda.com B) a commitment to students and effective teaching C) the practice of putting leaning to productive ends D) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge 51. C Passage 2 Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection. Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), 54. D 55. B 52. B 53. A

cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes. Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction. Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection. 56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor man species since the 17th century? In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers to the lands that are completely surrounded by water. the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by law the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads. the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species. Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species. Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in The development of human society has greatly affected natural The world’s climate has changed so greatly that most causing the rapid extinction of A B C evolution. ecology systems. D species cannot survive. 57 A B C D 58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except A B C D 59 declining species? A B C natural selection of species. various natural disasters. commercial trade and killing. destruction of natural surroundings. According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species. People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings. Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.

Worried. D Confident. C Indifferent. B Optimistic. Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals. How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species D 60 from being extinct? A Passage 3 Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 61. All boys and girls in large families know that A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace

. . . 62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 64. We may safely conclude that A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 65. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical 61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C Passage Passage 4 The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates. Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college: Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas. Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life. D)Exaggerated B)Satirical C)Humorous It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw. Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of brain cells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things

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