Simulink Coder Target Language Compiler.pdf

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toc

Introducing the Target Language Compiler

What Is the Target Language Compiler?

Target Language Compiler Overview

Overview of the TLC Process

Overview of the Code Generation Process

Target Language Compiler Capabilities

Why Use TLC?

Customizing Output

Inlining S-Functions

Modifying and Diversifying Code Generation

Code Generation Process

Process Overview

How TLC Determines S-Function Inlining Status

A Look at Inlined and Noninlined S-Function Code

The Advantages of Inlining S-Functions

Goals

When To Avoid Inlining

Inlining Process

Search Algorithm for Locating TLC Files

Availability for Inlining and Noninlining

Where to Go from Here

Topics Covered in This Manual

Related Manuals

Getting Started

Code Architecture

Target Language Compiler Overview

The Target Language Compiler Process

model.rtw Structure

Operating Sequence

Inlining S-Functions

Inlining an S-function

Noninlined S-Function

Types of Inlining

Fully Inlined S-Function Example

timestwo.tlc

TLC Block Analysis

The timestwo Model

Model Outputs Code

Wrapper Inlined S-Function Example

Analysis

Target Language Compiler Tutorials

Introduction

Reading Record Files with TLC

Tutorial Overview

Learning About the Structure of Record Files

Interpreting Records

Learning About the Anatomy of a TLC Script

Coding Conventions

File Header

Token Expansion

General Assignment

String Processing Plus

Arithmetic Operations

Modifying Records

Indexing Lists

Looping over Lists

Modifying read-guide.tlc

File Control Basics

Implement Output File Control

Scope Basics

Change Scope Using %with

Passing and Using a Parameter

Review

Inlining S-Functions with TLC

timesN Tutorial Overview

Learning About Noninlined Code Generation

Understand Why You Use TLC to Inline S-Functions

Creating an Inlined S-Function

Exploring Variable Names and Loop Rolling

timesN Looping Tutorial Overview

Getting Started

Modifying the Model

Changing the Loop Rolling Threshold

Learning More About TLC Loop Rolling

Arguments for %roll

Input Signals, Output Signals, and Parameters

Debugging Your TLC Code

tlcdebug Tutorial Overview

Getting Started

Generating and Running Code from the Model

Start the Debugger and Use Its Commands

Debugging timesN.tlc

Fixing the Bug and Verifying the Fix

Using TLC Code Coverage to Aid Debugging

tlcdebug Execute Tutorial Overview

Getting Started

Opening the Model and Generating Code

Wrapping User Code with TLC

wrapper Tutorial Overview

Understanding Why You Might Wrap

Getting Started

Generating Code Without a Wrapper

Generating Code Using a Wrapper

Code Generation Architecture

Build Process

Build Process Overview

A Basic Example

Process

The slbuild Command

Viewing the basic.rtw file

Creating the Target File

Configuring TLC

Setting Command-Line Arguments

Configuring for TLC Debugging

Code Generation Concepts

Overview

Output Streams

Variable Types

Records

Assigning Values to Fields of Records

Record Aliases

TLC Files

TLC Program

Available Target Files

Model-Wide Target Files and System Target Files

Summary of Target File Usage

System Target Files

Data Handling with TLC: an Example

Matrix Parameters

Simulink Coder Matrix Parameters

model.rtw File and Authoring S-Functions and Data Objects

Introduction to the model.rtw File

Using Scopes in the model.rtw File

Data Object Information in the model.rtw File

Data Object Overview

Object Records for Parameters

Object Records for Signals

Accessing Data Object Information via TLC

Accessing Parameter Object Records

Accessing Signal Object Records

Data References in the model.rtw File

Data Reference Overview

Controlling the Data Reference Threshold

Expanding Data References

Avoiding Data Reference Expansion

Restarting Code Generation

Using Library Functions to Access model.rtw

Library Functions Overview

Caution Against Directly Accessing Record Fields

Exception to Using the Library Functions

mdlRTW Function in C MEX S-Function Code

Resulting Block Record in model.rtw File

TLC Code to Access the Parameter Settings

Directives and Built-In Functions

Target Language Compiler Directives

Syntax

Directives

%% text

/% text%/

%matlab

%if expr%elseif expr%else%endif

%switch expr %case expr %break %default %break %endswitch

%with %endwith

%setcommandswitch string

%assert expr

%error %warning %trace %exit

%assign

%createrecord

%addtorecord

%mergerecord

%copyrecord

%realformat

%language

%implements

%generatefile

%filescope

%include

%addincludepath

%roll %endroll

%breakpoint

%function %return %endfunction

%foreach %endforeach

%for

%openfile %selectfile %closefile

%generate

%undef

Comments

Line Continuation

Target Language Value Types

Target Language Expressions

TLC Data Promotions

Formatting

Conditional Inclusion

%if

%switch

Multiple Inclusion

%foreach

%for

%roll

Object-Oriented Facility for Generating Target Code

%language

GENERATE and GENERATE_TYPE Functions

Output File Control

%openfile

%selectfile

%closefile

Input File Control

%include

%addincludepath

Asserts, Errors, Warnings, and Debug Messages

Built-In Functions and Values

FEVAL Function

TLC Reserved Constants

Identifier Definition

Creating Records

Adding Records

Adding Parameters to an Existing Record

Variable Scoping

Scopes

The Scope Resolution Operator

How TLC Resolves Variable References

Target Language Functions

Variable Scoping Within Functions

%return

Command-Line Arguments

Target Language Compiler Switches

Filenames and Search Paths

Debugging TLC Files

About the TLC Debugger

TLC Debugger Overview

Tips for Debugging TLC Code

Using the TLC Debugger

Invoking the Debugger

TLC Debugger Command Summary

%breakpoint Directive

Usage Notes

TLC Coverage

Using the TLC Coverage Option

Example .log File

Analyzing the Results

TLC Profiler

Using the Profiler

Analyzing the Report

Nonexecutable Directives

Improving Performance

Inlining S-Functions

Introduction

Writing Block Target Files to Inline S-Functions

When to Inline S-Functions

Fully Inlined S-Functions

Function-Based or Wrapped Code Generation

Inlining C MEX S-Functions

Inline S-Function Overview

S-Function Parameters

A Complete Example

Comparison of Noninlined and Inlined Versions of model.c

Comparison of Noninlined and Inlined Versions of model_reg.h

A TLC File to Inline S-Function foogain

Managing Block Instance Data with an Eye Toward Code Generation

Using Inlined Code with the Simulink Accelerator Software

Inlining MATLAB File S-Functions

Inlining Fortran (F-MEX) S-Functions

TLC Coding Conventions

Overview

Begin Identifiers with Uppercase Letters

Begin Global Variable Assignments with Uppercase Letters

Begin Local Variable Assignments with Lowercase Letters

Begin Functions Declared in block.tlc Files with Fcn

Do Not Hard-Code Variables Defined in commonsetup.tlc

Notes about this TLC code

Example: Output function in gain.tlc

Example: InitializeConditions function in linblock.tlc

Conditional Inclusion in Library Files

Code Defensively

Block Target File Methods

Block Functions Overview

BlockInstanceSetup(block, system)

Syntax

BlockTypeSetup(block, system)

Syntax

Enable(block, system)

Disable(block, system)

Start(block, system)

InitializeConditions(block, system)

Outputs(block, system)

Update(block, system)

Derivatives(block, system)

Terminate(block, system)

Loop Rolling

Error Reporting

TLC Function Library Reference

Obsolete Functions

Target Language Compiler Function Conventions

Common Function Arguments

Overloading sigIdx

Notes

Input Signal Functions

LibBlockInputPortIndexMode(block, pidx)

Purpose

Arguments

Returns

Description

Example

LibBlockInputSignal(portIdx, ucv, lcv, sigIdx)

Input Arguments

General Usage

Handling Input Arguments: ucv, lcv, and sigIdx

LibBlockInputSignalAddr(portIdx, ucv, lcv, sigIdx)

Example

LibBlockInputSignalAliasedThruDataTypeName(portIdx, reim)

LibBlockInputSignalConnected(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalDataTypeId(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalDataTypeName(portIdx, reim)

LibBlockInputSignalDimensions(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalIsComplex(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalIsFrameData(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalLocalSampleTimeIndex(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalNumDimensions(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalOffsetTime(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalSampleTime(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalSampleTimeIndex(portIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalWidth(portIdx)

LibBlockNumInputPorts(block)

Output Signal Functions

LibBlockNumOutputPorts(block)

LibBlockOutputPortIndexMode(block, pidx)

Purpose

Description

Example

Arguments

Returns

LibBlockOutputSignal(portIdx, ucv, lcv, sigIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalAddr(portIdx, ucv, lcv, sigIdx)

Example

LibBlockOutputSignalAliasedThruDataTypeName(portIdx, reim)

LibBlockOutputSignalBeingMerged(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalConnected(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalDataTypeId(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalDataTypeName(portIdx, reim)

LibBlockOutputSignalDimensions(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalIsComplex(portldx)

LibBlockOutputSignalIsFrameData(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalLocalSampleTimeIndex(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalNumDimensions(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalOffsetTime(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalSampleTime(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalSampleTimeIndex(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalWidth(portIdx)

Parameter Functions

LibBlockMatrixParameter(param, rucv, rlcv, ridx, cucv, clcv, cid

LibBlockMatrixParameterAddr(param, rucv, rlcv, ridx, cucv, clcv,

LibBlockMatrixParameterBaseAddr(param)

LibBlockParamSetting(bType, psType)

LibBlockParameter(param, ucv, lcv, sigIdx)

Warning

LibBlockParameterAddr(param, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockParameterBaseAddr(param)

LibBlockParameterDataTypeId(param)

LibBlockParameterDataTypeName(param, reim)

LibBlockParameterDimensions(param)

LibBlockParameterIsComplex(param)

LibBlockParameterSize(param)

LibBlockParameterString(param)

LibBlockParameterValue(param, elIdx)

Example

LibBlockParameterWidth(param)

Block State and Work Vector Functions

LibBlockContinuousState(ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockContinuousStateDerivative(ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockContStateDisabled(ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockDWork(dwork, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockDWorkAddr(dwork, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockDWorkDataTypeId(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkDataTypeName(dwork, reim)

LibBlockDWorkIsComplex(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkName(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkStorageClass(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkStorageTypeQualifier(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkUsedAsDiscreteState(dwork)

LibBlockDWorkWidth(dwork)

LibBlockDiscreteState(ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockIWork(definediwork, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockMode(ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockNonSampledZC(ucv, lcv, NSZCIdx)

Arguments

LibBlockPWork(definedpwork, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockRWork(definedrwork, ucv, lcv, idx)

LibBlockZCSignalValue(ucv, lcv, zcsIdx, zcElIdx)

Purpose

Arguments

Description

Block Path and Error Reporting Functions

LibBlockReportError(block, errorstring)

LibBlockReportFatalError(block, errorstring)

LibBlockReportWarning(block, warnstring)

LibGetBlockName(block)

LibGetBlockPath(block)

LibGetFormattedBlockPath(block)

Code Configuration Functions

LibAddSourceFileCustomSection(file, builtInSection, newSection)

Arguments

LibAddToCommonIncludes(incFileName)

Example

LibAddToModelSources(newFile)

LibCacheDefine(buffer)

Example

LibCacheExtern(buffer)

Example

LibCacheFunctionPrototype(buffer)

Example

LibCacheTypedefs(buffer)

Example

LibCallModelInitialize()

LibCallModelStep(tid)

LibCallModelTerminate()

LibCallSetEventForThisBaseStep(buffername)

Argument

LibCreateSourceFile(type, creator, name)

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

LibGetMdlPrvHdrBaseName()

LibGetMdlPubHdrBaseName()

LibGetMdlSrcBaseName()

LibGetModelDotCFile()

Syntax

Returns

LibGetModelDotHFile()

Syntax

Returns

LibGetModelName()

LibGetNumSourceFiles()

Syntax

Returns

LibGetRTModelErrorStatus()

Syntax

LibGetSourceFileCustomSection(file, attrib)

Arguments

LibGetSourceFileFromIdx(fileIdx)

Syntax

Argument

Returns

LibGetSourceFileTag(fileIdx)

Syntax

Argument

Returns

LibMdlRegCustomCode(buffer, location)

Arguments

Returns

LibMdlStartCustomCode(buffer, location)

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibMdlTerminateCustomCode(buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSetRTModelErrorStatus(str)

Syntax

Argument

LibSetSourceFileCodeTemplate(opFile, name)

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

LibSetSourceFileCustomSection(file, attrib, value)

Arguments

LibSetSourceFileOutputDirectory(opFile, name)

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

LibSetSourceFileSection(fileH, section, value)

Syntax

Arguments

LibSystemDerivativeCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSystemDisableCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSystemEnableCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSystemInitializeCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSystemOutputCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibSystemUpdateCustomCode(system, buffer, location)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Returns

Description

LibWriteModelData()

LibWriteModelInput(tid, rollThreshold)

Arguments

LibWriteModelInputs()

LibWriteModelOutput(tid, rollThreshold)

Arguments

LibWriteModelOutputs()

Sample Time Functions

LibAsynchronousTriggeredTID(tid)

LibAsyncTaskAccessTimeInFcn(tid, fcnType)

LibBlockSampleTime(block)

LibGetClockTick(tid)

LibGetClockTickDataTypeId(tid)

LibGetClockTickHigh(tid)

LibGetClockTickStepSize(tid)

LibGetElapseTime(system)

LibGetElapseTimeCounter(system)

LibGetElapseTimeCounterDTypeId(system)

LibGetElapseTimeResolution(system)

LibGetGlobalTIDFromLocalSFcnTID(sfcnTID)

Examples

LibGetNumAsyncTasks()

LibGetNumSFcnSampleTimes(block)

LibGetNumSyncPeriodicTasks()

LibGetNumTasks()

LibGetSampleTimePeriodAndOffset(tid, idx)

Arguments

Examples

LibGetSFcnTIDType(sfcnTID)

LibGetTaskTime(tid)

LibGetTaskTimeFromTID(block)

LibGetTID01EQ()

LibIsContinuous(TID)

LibIsDiscrete(TID)

LibIsSFcnSampleHit(sfcnTID)

Examples

LibIsSFcnSingleRate(block)

LibIsSFcnSpecialSampleHit(sfcnSTI, sfcnTID)

Examples

LibIsSingleRateModel()

LibIsSingleTasking()

LibIsZOHContinuous(TID)

LibNumAsynchronousSampleTimes()

LibNumDiscreteSampleTimes()

LibNumSynchronousSampleTimes()

LibPortBasedSampleTimeBlockIsTriggered(block)

LibSetVarNextHitTime(block, tNext)

LibTriggeredTID(tid)

Other Useful Functions

LibBlockExecuteFcnCall(block, callIdx)

Example

LibBlockExecuteFcnDisable(block, callIdx)

Example

LibBlockExecuteFcnEnable(block, callIdx)

Example

LibBlockInputSignalAliasedThruDataTypeId(idx)

LibBlockOutputSignalAliasedThruDataTypeId(idx)

LibGenConstVectWithInit(data, typeId, varId)

LibGetBlockAttribute(block, attr)

Syntax

Returns

LibGetCallerClockTickCounter(sfcnBlock)

Returns

LibGetCallerClockTickCounterHigh(sfcnBlock)

Returns

LibGetDataTypeComplexNameFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeEnumFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeIdAliasedThruToFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeIdAliasedToFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeIdResolvesToFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeNameFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeSLSizeFromId(id)

LibGetDataTypeStorageIdFromId(id)

LibGetFcnCallBlock(sfcnblock,callIdx)

Syntax

Returns

LibGetRecordDataTypeId(rec)

LibGetRecordDimensions(rec)

LibGetRecordIsComplex(rec)

LibGetRecordWidth(rec)

LibGetT()

LibIsComplex(arg)

LibIsFirstInitCond()

LibIsMajorTimeStep()

LibIsMinorTimeStep()

LibManageAsyncCounter(sfcnBlock, callIdx)

Example

Returns

LibMaxIntValue(dtype)

LibMinIntValue(dtype)

LibNeedAsyncCounter(sfcnBlock, callIdx)

Example

Returns

LibSetAsyncClockTicks(sfcnBlock, callIdx, buf1, buf2)

Arguments

Returns

Example

LibSetAsyncCounter(sfcnBlock, callIdx, buf)

Returns

Example

LibSetAsyncCounterHigh(sfcnBlock, callIdx, buf)

Returns

Example

LibTIDInSystem(system, fcnType)

Purpose

Syntax

Arguments

Description

Advanced Functions

LibAppendToModelReferenceUserData(data)

LibBlockInputSignalBufferDstPort(portIdx)

Example

LibBlockInputSignalStorageClass(portIdx, sigIdx)

LibBlockInputSignalStorageTypeQualifier(portIdx, sigIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalIsGlobal(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalIsInBlockIO(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalIsValidLValue(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalStorageClass(portIdx)

LibBlockOutputSignalStorageTypeQualifier(portIdx)

LibBlockSrcSignalBlock(portIdx, sigIdx)

Example

LibBlockSrcSignalIsDiscrete(portIdx, sigIdx)

LibBlockSrcSignalIsGlobalAndModifiable(portIdx, sigIdx)

LibBlockSrcSignalIsInvariant(portIdx, sigIdx)

LibGetModelReferenceUserData(modelName)

LibGetReferencedModelNames()

LibIsModelReferenceRTWTarget()

LibIsModelReferenceSimTarget()

LibIsModelReferenceTarget()

TLC Error Handling

Generating Errors from TLC Files

TLC Error Generation Overview

Usage Errors

Using Library Functions

Fatal (Internal) TLC Coding Errors

Using Library Functions

Using %exit

Formatting Error Messages

Testing Error Messages

TLC Error Messages

Using TLC Error Messages to Troubleshoot

Alphabetical List of Error Messages

%closefile or %selectfile or %flushfile argument must be a valid

%define no longer supported, use %function instead

%error directive: text

%exit directive: text

%filescope has already been used in this file

%trace directive: text

%warning directive: text

A %implements directive must appear within a block template file

A %switch statement can only have one %default

A language choice must be made using the %language directive pri

A non-homogeneous vector was passed to GENERATE_FORMATTED_VALUE

Ambiguous reference to identifier — must use array index to refe

An %if statement can only have one %else

Argument to identifier must be a string

Arguments to directive must be records

Arguments to TLC from the MATLAB command line must be strings

Assertion failed

Assignment to scope identifier is only allowed when using the +

Attempt to define a function identifier on top of an existing va

Attempt to divide by zero

Bad cast - unable to cast this expression to type

Bad directory (dirname) in O: filename

builtin was expecting expression of type type, got one of type t

Cannot %undef any builtin functions or variables

Cannot convert string your_string to a number

Changing value of identifier from the RTW file

Error opening filename

Error writing to file error

Errors occurred — aborting

Expansion directives %<> cannot be nested

Expansion directives %<> cannot span multiple lines; use \ at en

Extra arguments to the function-name built-in function were igno

File name too long (directory =dirname, name =filename)

format is not a legal format value

Function argument mismatch; function function_name expects numbe

Function reached the end and did not return a value

Function values are not allowed

Identifier identifier multiply defined. Second and succeeding de

Identifier identifier used on a %foreach statement was already i

Illegal use of eval (i.e., %<...>)

Indices may not be negative

Indices must be constant integral numbers

Invalid handle

Invalid identifier range, the leading strings string1 and string

Invalid identifier range, the lower bound (bound) must be less t

Invalid type for unary operator

Invalid type type

It is illegal to return a function from a function

Named value identifier already exists within this scope-identifi

No %case statement(s) seen yet, statement ignored

Only double and character arrays can be converted from MATLAB to

Only one output is allowed from the TLC

Only strings of length 1 can be assigned using the [ ] notation

Only strings or cells of strings may be used as the argument to

Only vectors of the same length as the existing vector value can

Output file identifier opened with %openfile was not closed

Ranges, identifier ranges, and repeat values cannot be repeated

String cannot modify the setting for the command line switch '-s

string is not a recognized user defined property of this handle

Syntax error

The %break directive can only appear within a %foreach, %for, %r

The %case and %default directives can only be used within the %s

The %continue directive can only appear within a %foreach, %for,

The %foreach statement expects a constant numeric argument

The %if statement expects a constant numeric argument

The %implements directive expects a string or string vector as t

The %implements directive specifies type as the type where type

The %implements language does not match the language currently b

The %return statement can only appear within the body of a funct

The == and != operators can only be used to compare values of th

The argument for %openfile must be a valid string

The argument for %with must be a valid scope

The argument for an [ ] operation must be a repeated scope symbo

The argument to %addincludepath must be a valid string

The argument to %include must be a valid string

The begin directive must be in the same file as the correspondin

The begin directive on this line has no matching end directive

The construct %matlab function_name(...) construct is illegal in

The FEVAL() function can accept only 2-dimensional arrays from M

The FEVAL() function can accept vectors of numbers or strings on

The FEVAL() function requires the name of a function to call

The final argument to %roll must be a valid block scope

The first argument of a ? : operator must be a Boolean expressio

The first argument to GENERATE or GENERATE_TYPE must be a valid

The function name requires at least number arguments

The GENERATE function requires at least 2 arguments

The GENERATE_TYPE function requires at least 3 arguments

The ISINF(), ISNAN(), ISFINITE(), REAL(), and IMAG() functions e

The language being implemented cannot be changed within a block

The language being implemented has changed from old-language to

The left-hand side of a . operator must be a valid scope identif

The left-hand side of an assignment must be a simple expression

The number of columns specified (specified-columns) did not matc

The number of rows specified (specified-rows) did not match the

The operator_name operator only works on Boolean arguments

The operator_name operator only works on integral arguments

The operator_name operator only works on numeric arguments

The return value from the RollHeader function must be a string

The roll argument to %roll must be a nonempty vector of numbers

The second value in a Range must be greater than the first value

The specified index (index) was out of the range 0 - number-of-

The STRINGOF built-in function expects a vector of numbers as it

The SYSNAME built-in function expects an input string of the for

The threshold on a %roll statement must be a single number

The use of feature is being deprecated and will not be supported

The WILL_ROLL built in function expects a range vector and an in

There are no more free contexts. Use tlc('close', HANDLE) to fre

There was no type associated with the given block for GENERATE

This assignment would overwrite an identifier-value pair from th

TLC has leaked number symbols. You may have created a cyclic rec

Unable to find identifier within the scope-identifier scope

Unable to open %include file filename

Unable to open block template file filename from GENERATE or GEN

Unable to open output file filename

Undefined identifier identifier_name

Unknown type type in CAST expression

Unrecognized command line switch passed to string: switch

Unrecognized directive directive-name seen

Unrecognized type output-type for function

Unterminated multiline comment.

Unterminated string

Usage: tlc [options] file

Use of feature incurs a performance hit, please see TLC manual f

Value of type type cannot be compared

Values of specified_type type cannot be expanded

Values of type Special, Macro Expansion, Function, File, Full Id

When appending to a buffer stream, the variable must be a string

TLC Function Library Error Messages

Index

tables

Inline TLC Support by S-Function Type

Target Language Expressions

Data Types Resulting from Expressions of Mixed Type

TLC Built-In Functions and Values

MATLAB Conversions

More Conversions

Target Language Compiler Switches

TLC Debugger Commands

LibBlockInputSignal Arguments

Simulink® Coder™ Target Language Compiler R2012a

How to Contact MathWorks Web Newsgroup www.mathworks.com comp.soft-sys.matlab www.mathworks.com/contact_TS.html Technical Support suggest@mathworks.com bugs@mathworks.com doc@mathworks.com service@mathworks.com info@mathworks.com 508-647-7000 (Phone) Product enhancement suggestions Bug reports Documentation error reports Order status, license renewals, passcodes Sales, pricing, and general information 508-647-7001 (Fax) The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 For contact information about worldwide offices, see the MathWorks Web site. Simulink® Coder™ Target Language Compiler © COPYRIGHT 2011–2012 by The MathWorks, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. No part of this manual may be photocopied or reproduced in any form without prior written consent from The MathWorks, Inc. FEDERAL ACQUISITION: This provision applies to all acquisitions of the Program and Documentation by, for, or through the federal government of the United States. By accepting delivery of the Program or Documentation, the government hereby agrees that this software or documentation qualifies as commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation as such terms are used or defined in FAR 12.212, DFARS Part 227.72, and DFARS 252.227-7014. Accordingly, the terms and conditions of this Agreement and only those rights specified in this Agreement, shall pertain to and govern the use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display, and disclosure of the Program and Documentation by the federal government (or other entity acquiring for or through the federal government) and shall supersede any conflicting contractual terms or conditions. If this License fails to meet the government’s needs or is inconsistent in any respect with federal procurement law, the government agrees to return the Program and Documentation, unused, to The MathWorks, Inc. Trademarks MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. See www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Patents MathWorks products are protected by one or more U.S. patents. Please see www.mathworks.com/patents for more information. Revision History Online only April 2011 September 2011 Online only Online only March 2012 New for Version 8.0 (Release 2011a) Revised for Version 8.1 (Release 2011b) Revised for Version 8.2 (Release 2012a)

1 2 Introducing the Target Language Compiler What Is the Target Language Compiler? . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Compiler Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of the TLC Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of the Code Generation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Compiler Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why Use TLC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customizing Output Inlining S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying and Diversifying Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . . Code Generation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How TLC Determines S-Function Inlining Status . . . . . . . A Look at Inlined and Noninlined S-Function Code . . . . . . The Advantages of Inlining S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goals Inlining Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Search Algorithm for Locating TLC Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Availability for Inlining and Noninlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topics Covered in This Manual Related Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-5 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-9 1-10 1-10 1-10 1-11 1-14 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-18 1-18 1-19 Getting Started Code Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Contents iii

Target Language Compiler Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Target Language Compiler Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inlining S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inlining an S-function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noninlined S-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fully Inlined S-Function Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrapper Inlined S-Function Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-11 Target Language Compiler Tutorials 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Reading Record Files with TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning About the Structure of Record Files Interpreting Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning About the Anatomy of a TLC Script . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying read-guide.tlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passing and Using a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inlining S-Functions with TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . timesN Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning About Noninlined Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . . Understand Why You Use TLC to Inline S-Functions . . . . Creating an Inlined S-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploring Variable Names and Loop Rolling . . . . . . . . . timesN Looping Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying the Model Changing the Loop Rolling Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning More About TLC Loop Rolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-17 3-22 3-24 3-26 3-26 3-26 3-29 3-29 3-32 3-32 3-32 3-34 3-36 3-38 iv Contents

Debugging Your TLC Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tlcdebug Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating and Running Code from the Model . . . . . . . . . . Start the Debugger and Use Its Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . Debugging timesN.tlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixing the Bug and Verifying the Fix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using TLC Code Coverage to Aid Debugging . . . . . . . . . tlcdebug Execute Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opening the Model and Generating Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrapping User Code with TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wrapper Tutorial Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Understanding Why You Might Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Code Without a Wrapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Code Using a Wrapper 3-41 3-41 3-42 3-44 3-45 3-47 3-48 3-50 3-50 3-50 3-51 3-53 3-53 3-53 3-56 3-58 3-59 4 Code Generation Architecture Build Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Build Process Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Basic Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting Command-Line Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring for TLC Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Code Generation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Record Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-9 4-9 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-13 4-13 4-15 v

TLC Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TLC Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available Target Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Target File Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Target Files Data Handling with TLC: an Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simulink® Coder™ Matrix Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-20 4-22 4-22 4-22 model.rtw File and Authoring S-Functions and Data Objects 5 Introduction to the model.rtw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Scopes in the model.rtw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Object Information in the model.rtw File . . . . . . . . Data Object Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Object Records for Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Object Records for Signals Accessing Data Object Information via TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . Data References in the model.rtw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Reference Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controlling the Data Reference Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expanding Data References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoiding Data Reference Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restarting Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Library Functions to Access model.rtw . . . . . . . . . Library Functions Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caution Against Directly Accessing Record Fields . . . . . . . Exception to Using the Library Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-4 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-9 5-10 5-13 5-13 5-13 5-14 5-14 5-14 5-15 5-15 5-15 5-16 vi Contents

6 7 Directives and Built-In Functions Target Language Compiler Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line Continuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Value Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Expressions Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditional Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Object-Oriented Facility for Generating Target Code . . . . . Output File Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input File Control Asserts, Errors, Warnings, and Debug Messages . . . . . . . . Built-In Functions and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TLC Reserved Constants Identifier Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command-Line Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target Language Compiler Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filenames and Search Paths 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-19 6-20 6-20 6-22 6-29 6-29 6-31 6-36 6-38 6-40 6-41 6-42 6-53 6-53 6-57 6-67 6-72 6-72 6-74 Debugging TLC Files About the TLC Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TLC Debugger Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tips for Debugging TLC Code Using the TLC Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Invoking the Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TLC Debugger Command Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-4 vii

TLC Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the TLC Coverage Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example .log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TLC Profiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Profiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzing the Report Nonexecutable Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-12 7-13 7-13 7-14 7-15 7-15 8 Inlining S-Functions Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Writing Block Target Files to Inline S-Functions . . . . . When to Inline S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fully Inlined S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function-Based or Wrapped Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . Inlining C MEX S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inline S-Function Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-Function Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Complete Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-5 8-5 8-8 8-9 Inlining MATLAB File S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19 Inlining Fortran (F-MEX) S-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21 TLC Coding Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Begin Identifiers with Uppercase Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Begin Global Variable Assignments with Uppercase Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Begin Local Variable Assignments with Lowercase Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Begin Functions Declared in block.tlc Files with Fcn . . . . . 8-25 8-25 8-25 8-26 8-27 8-27 viii Contents

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