Successful Scientific Writing.pdf

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Successful Scientiﬁc Writing The detailed, practical, step-by-step advice in this user-friendly guide will help stu- dents and researchers to communicate their work more effectively through the written word. Covering all aspects of the writing process, this concise, accessible resource is crit- ically acclaimed, well-structured, comprehensive, and entertaining. Self-help exercises and abundant examples from actual typescripts draw on the authors’ extensive experience working both as researchers and with them. Whilst retaining the accessible and pragmatic style of earlier editions, this third edition has been updated and broadened to incorporate such timely topics as guidelines for successful international publication, ethical and legal issues including plagiarism and falsiﬁed data, electronic publication, and text-based talks and poster presentations. With advice applicable to many writing contexts in the majority of scientiﬁc disciplines, this book is a powerful tool for improving individual skills and an eminently suitable text for classroom courses or seminars. Ja n i c e R. Mat t h e ws is a writer and educator with a broad background in the biological sciences. She has edited books, technical manuals and hundreds of scientiﬁc research papers in the veterinary and biological sciences, both in university settings and for private industry. Ro b e rt W. Mat t h e ws is a Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Georgia and a member of the UGA Teaching Academy. An insect behaviour specialist, his scientiﬁc publications number over 165 research articles.

Successful Scientiﬁc Writing A step-by-step guide for the biological and medical sciences Third edition Janice R. Matthews and Robert W. Matthews

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521699273 © Cambridge University Press 1996, 2000, 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-35560-8 ISBN-10 0-511-35560-2 eBook (NetLibrary) eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-69927-3 ISBN-10 0-521-69927-4 paperback paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents Preface Preface to the third edition p r epa r i ngtow r i te 1 Search and research Conducting a comprehensive literature review Using the Internet wisely and well Tapping other informal and formal communication channels Your research: the big picture Choose a communication venue Formal publication: the message determines the medium Other ways to publish Plan to succeed Organize and plan your message Avoid plagiarism Use the Process Approach to take charge Exercise 1.1. Search strategy and Boolean logic Exercise 1.2. Message, format, and audience Exercise 1.3. Organizing ideas c o m p o s i ng af i r stdra ft 2 Deal with matters of authorship Productivity tools and pitfalls Use word processing to write more efﬁciently Master the tools that will make your writing life simpler Spellcheckers, grammar and style analysis programs Follow standard structure Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion and conclusions v page ix x 1–30 1 13 21 31–55 31 33 42

vi Contents Acknowledgments References Abstracts and summaries The title Other title page items Use tense to show the status of work Build momentum – and keep it! Exercise 2.1. Spelling and grammar programs Exercise 2.2. Title choices Exercise 2.3. Tense use v i suals u p p ortf ort hew r itt enwo rd 3 Choosing and using visual aids Tables Figures Graphs Photographs and other documentary illustrations Explanatory artwork Examining your choices Exercise 3.1. Table and ﬁgure choices v i suals u p p ortf ort hes p o k enwo rd 4 Oral presentations Media choices for oral presentations Developing a traditional text-based oral presentation Visual elements of text, tables, and ﬁgures The PowerPoint controversy Speaking in public: the human factor Control nervousness Delivering the speech or presentation Handling questions Poster presentations: a happy hybrid Preparing a poster Presenting a poster Exercise 4.1. Slide presentation format Exercise 4.2. Answering questions rev i s i ngtoi n c r e a sec o h e r e n ce 5 Work efﬁciently Start with organization and logic Use the power at your command Improve the big picture Rework for clarity Rewrite for readability Condense for brevity 48 50 56–78 56 75 79–102 80 91 97 103–124 103 105

Contents When short might be too short Abbreviations, acronyms, and other shortened forms Noun clusters and strings of pearls Exercise 5.1. Person and point of view Exercise 5.2. Readability Exercise 5.3. Shortened forms Exercise 5.4. Clarity and brevity vii 118 i m prov i ngwo rdc h o i c e,a nds y ntaxsty le 6 Choose a better word 125–152 126 Recognize and minimize jargon Use bias-free, inclusive language Choose the right word Focus fuzzy nouns and qualiﬁers Check the verbs Choose livelier verbs Unmask disguised verbs Active and passive voice Subject–verb agreement Beware of strange links Ambiguous antecedents and misplaced modiﬁers Dangling participles The mischief of multiples Collective nouns and noun phrases The grammar of comparisons and lists Exercise 6.1. Jargon Exercise 6.2. Handling language sensitively Exercise 6.3. Devil pairs Exercise 6.4. Which and that Exercise 6.5. Fuzzy words and disguised verbs Exercise 6.6. Active and passive voice Exercise 6.7. Subject–verb agreement Exercise 6.8. Dangling participles and other misplaced modiﬁers Exercise 6.9. Collective nouns, comparisons, and lists 139 145 148 7 at t e n d i n g t o g ra m m a r , n u m b e r s , a n d o t h e r m e c h a n i cs Tweak the text 153–181 153 Punctuate for clarity Capitalize consistently Treat scientiﬁc names properly Use foreign words and phrases to inform, not impress

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