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2016 年广东暨南大学基础英语考研真题学科、专业名称：日语语言文学研究方向：考试科目名称：241 基础英语考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 Part I Cloze (10 points) Directions: Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblankthereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into thepassage. Thenmarkthe corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the center. Culture is a way of life. It is the ____1____ within which we exist, think, feel, and relate to others. It is the “glue” that ____2____ a group of people together. Culture might also ____3____ the ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a given group of people in a ____4____ period of time. But culture is ____5____ the sum of its parts. “ It is a system of integrated patterns, most of which remain below the threshold of consciousness, yet all of ____6____ govern human behavior just as surely as the manipulated strings of a puppet control its motions” (Condon 1973:4). The fact that no society exists ____7____ a culture reflects in human beings. Consider the ____8____ host of confusing and contradictory facts and propositions and ideas that present ____9____ every day to any human being; some organization of these facts____10____ necessary to provide some order to potential chaos, and ____11____ conceptual networks of reality evolve within a group of people for such organization. The mental constructs that enable us thus____12____are a way of life that we call “culture.” Culture establishes ____13____ each person a context of cognitive and affective behavior, a template for personal and social existence. But we ____14____ perceive

reality within the context of our own culture, a reality that is ____15____ defined. The meaningful universe in which each human being ____16____ is not a universal reality, but ‘a category of reality’ ____17____ selectively organized features ____18____ significant by the society in which he lives ” (Condon 1973:17). ____19____ the opportunities for the world travel in the last several decades have increased markedly, there is still a ____20____ for us to believe that our own reality is the “correct” perception. 1. A. condition B. context C. continent D. concept 2. A. drove B. derives C. binds D. brought 3. A. be defined as B. characterize as C. be taught as D. regard as 4. A. giving B. gave C. give D. given 5. A. more than B. much more about C. much less about D. less than 6. A. them B. it C. which D. the system 7. A. with B. without C. within D. which 8. A. bewilder B. being bewildered C. bewildered D. bewildering 9. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourselves 10. A. are B. is C. been D. be 11. A. therefore B. as a result of C. however D. though 12. A. survive B. having survived C. surviving D. to survive 13. A. of B. for C. about D. at 14. A. want B. tend to C. would like D. are devoted to 15. A. empiric B. empirical C. empirically D. empiricism 16. A. being existed B. existing C. existed D. exists 17. A. consisting of B. making up of C. composing of D. making from 18. A. seen B. viewed C. considered D. regarded 19. A. Since B. Although C. No matter D. If

20. A. decline B. incline C. tendency D. temptation Part II Reading Comprehension Section A (40 points) Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysome questionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked A,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Personality is, to large extent, inherent --A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying:"Rejoice, we conquer!" By far the worst form of competition in school is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into

B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged. 21. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually________. A) impatient B) considerate C) aggressive D) agreeable 22. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________ . A) the pressure is too great on the students B) some students are bound to fail C) the results of examinations are doubtful D) failure rates are too high 23. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________. A) candidates’ sensitivity B) competitive spirit C) academic achievements D) surer values 24. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________. A) the personality of a child is well established at birth B) family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics C) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society D) the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors

25. The best title for this article is____________. A) Cooperation of Inherence and Environment B) Effects of Environment C) Competition in School D) Personality Acquisition Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage： In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m.. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it’s a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. 26. In the sentence “The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m.”, here “attached” means ___________. A) taken B) drawn C) given D) shown

27. Supposing one wants to make a telephone call at midnight, this would mean____________. A) the matter is less important B) the matter is somewhat important C) the matter requires immediate attention D) it is a matter of life and death 28. According to this passage, time plays an important role in _____________. A) everyday life C) communication B) private life D) transmission 29. The best title for this passage is ______________. A) The Voices of Time B) The Saving of Time C) The Importance of an Announcement D) Time and Tide Wait for No Man 30. Which one is correct about the meaning of time for Americans according to this text? A) There’s no need to make an explanation if one is late less than five minutes. B) People seldom send invitations three of four days before a party. C) People take the early morning and late night as the most important periods of a day. D) To arrive a little earlier in a business date is very polite. Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks): in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy). 31. The author believes that ________. A) the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior B) the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true C) the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions D) the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart

32. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________. A) the two continents are still moving in opposite directions B) they have been found to share certain geological features C) the African plates has been stable for 30 million years D) over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 33. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________. A) the structure of the African plates B) the revival of dead volcanoes C) the mobility of the continents D) the formation of new oceans 34. The passage is mainly about ________. A) the features of volcanic activities B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies D) the process of the formation of volcanoes 35. Which movement of the two continents is not mentioned in the article? A) Two continents were joined. B) One continent is stationary while the other drifting. C) Two continents move in reverse direction. D) Two continents move in the same direction. Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term “substance” is now used by many physicians and psychologists.

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