atcor4_manual.pdf

发布时间：2022-06-08 发布人：admin 分类：说明书资料大小：8.57M 资料格式：pdf 举报版权申诉

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Introduction

Basic Concepts in the Solar Region

Radiation components

Spectral calibration

Wavelength and refractive index

Inflight radiometric calibration

De-shadowing

BRDF correction

Basic Concepts in the Thermal Region

Thermal spectral calibration

Workflow

Menus Overview

First steps with ATCOR-4

Survey of processing steps

Directory structure of ATCOR-4

Convention for file names

Definition of a new sensor

Spectral smile sensors

Haze, cloud, water map

Processing of multiband thermal data

External water vapor map

Filter for HySpex

Airborne FODIS instrument

External float illumination file and de-shadowing

BRDF Correction

Description of Modules

Menu: File

Display ENVI File

Show Textfile

Resize Input Image

Select Input Image

Import

Export

Plot Sensor Response

Plot Calibration File

Show System File

Edit Preferences

Menu: Sensor

Define Sensor Parameters

Generate Spectral Filter Functions

Apply Spectral Shift to Sensor

BBCALC : Blackbody Function

RESLUT : Resample Atm. LUTS from Database

Menu: Topographic

DEM Import

DEM Preparation

Slope/Aspect

Skyview Factor

Cast Shadow Mask

Image Based Shadows

DEM Smoothing

Quick Topographic (no atm.) Correction

Menu: ATCOR

Haze Removal

The ATCOR main panel

ATCOR4f: flat terrain

ATCOR4r: rugged terrain

SPECTRA module

Aerosol Type

Visibility Estimate

Inflight radiometric calibration module

Shadow removal panels

Panels for Image Processing

Start ATCOR Process (Tiled / from .inn)

Menu: BRDF

BREFCOR Correction

Nadir normalization (Wide FOV Imagery)

BRDF Model Analysis

BRDF Model Plot

Mosaicking

Menu: Filter

Resample a Spectrum

Low pass filter a Spectrum

Spectral Polishing: Statistical Filter

Spectral Polishing: Radiometric Variation

Flat Field Polishing

Pushbroom Polishing / Destriping

Spectral Smile Interpolation

Cast Shadow Border Removal

Menu: Simulation

TOA/At-Sensor Radiance Cube

TOA/At-Sensor Thermal Radiance

At-Sensor Apparent Reflectance

Resample Image Cube

Menu: Tools

Solar Zenith and Azimuth

Classification of Surface Reflectance Signatures

Spectral Smile Detection

Spectral Calibration (Atm. Absorption Features)

Calibration Coefficients with Regression

Convert High Res. Database (New Solar Irradiance)

Convert .atm for another Irradiance Spectrum

Thermal Spectral Calibration (Atm. Features)

Create Scan Angles

MTF, PSF, and effective GIFOV

FODIS Processing

Menu: Help

Help Options

Batch Processing Reference

Starting ATCOR from console

Using the batch mode from within IDL

Batch modules, keyword-driven modules

Value Added Products

LAI, FPAR, Albedo

Surface energy balance

Sensor simulation of hyper/multispectral imagery

Implementation Reference and Sensor Specifics

Monochromatic atmospheric database

Database update with solar irradiance

Sensor-specific atmospheric database

Resample sensor-specific atmospheric LUTs with another solar irradiance

Supported I/O file types

Main Input

Side inputs

Main output

Side outputs

Preference parameters for ATCOR

Job control parameters of the ''inn'' file

Problems and Hints

Theoretical Background

Basics on radiative transfer

Solar spectral region

Illumination based shadow detection and correction

Integrated Radiometric Correction (IRC)

Spectral solar flux, reflected surface radiance

Thermal spectral region

Masks for haze, cloud, water, snow

Quality layers

Standard atmospheric conditions

Constant visibility (aerosol) and atmospheric water vapor

Aerosol retrieval and visibility map

Water vapor retrieval

Non-standard conditions

Haze removal

Haze removal method 1

Haze removal method 2

Haze or sun glint removal over water

Cirrus removal

De-shadowing with matched filter

Correction of BRDF effects

Nadir normalization method

Empirical incidence BRDF correction in rugged terrain

BRDF effect correction (BREFCOR)

BRDF cover index

Summary of atmospheric correction steps

Algorithm for flat terrain

Algorithm for rugged terrain

Accuracy of the method

References

Comparison of Solar Irradiance Spectra

Atmospheric / Topographic Correction for Airborne Imagery (ATCOR-4 User Guide, Version 7.0.0, June 2015) R. Richter1 and D. Schl¨apfer2 1 DLR - German Aerospace Center, D - 82234 Wessling, Germany 2ReSe Applications, Langeggweg 3, CH-9500 Wil SG, Switzerland DLR-IB 565-02/15

2 The cover image shows Sequence of ATCOR/BREFCOR process for a mosaic of ﬁve image lines of CASI imagery. Upper left: original image, middle: elevation data (ranging from 500 to 1200 m), right: ATCOR standard correction using the given DEM, lower left: BCI image (ranging from -0.5 to 0.8), middle: ANIF factor (ranging from 0.9 to 1.1, approx), lower right: BREFCOR corrected image. An improved BRDF correction algorithm (BREFCOR) has been introduced in the ATCOR-2015 release. ATCOR-4 User Guide, Version 7.0.0, June 2015 Authors: R. Richter1 and D. Schl¨apfer2 1 DLR - German Aerospace Center, D - 82234 Wessling , Germany 2 ReSe Applications, Langeggweg 3, CH - 9500 Wil SG, Switzerland c All rights are with the authors of this manual. The ATCOR R trademark refers to the satellite and airborne versions of the software. Distribution: ReSe Applications Schl¨apfer Langeggweg 3, CH-9500 Wil, Switzerland Updates: see ReSe download page: www.rese.ch/software/download The ATCOR R trademark is held by DLR and refers to the satellite and airborne versions of the software. The PARGE R trademark is held by ReSe Applications. The MODTRAN R trademark is being used with the express permission of the owner, the United States of America, as represented by the United States Air Force.

Contents 1 Introduction 12 2 Basic Concepts in the Solar Region 16 2.1 Radiation components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 Spectral calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Wavelength and refractive index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4 Inﬂight radiometric calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5 De-shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6 BRDF correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3 Basic Concepts in the Thermal Region 32 3.1 Thermal spectral calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4 Workﬂow 36 4.1 Menus Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2 First steps with ATCOR-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.3 Survey of processing steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.4 Directory structure of ATCOR-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.5 Convention for ﬁle names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.6 Deﬁnition of a new sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.7 Spectral smile sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.8 Haze, cloud, water map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.9 Processing of multiband thermal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.10 External water vapor map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.11 Filter for HySpex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.12 Airborne FODIS instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.13 External ﬂoat illumination ﬁle and de-shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.14 BRDF Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5 Description of Modules 5.1 Menu: File 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.1.1 Display ENVI File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.1.2 Show Textﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.1.3 Resize Input Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.1.4 Select Input Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.1.5 Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.1.6 Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1.7 Plot Sensor Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3

CONTENTS 4 5.1.8 Plot Calibration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Show System File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.1.9 5.1.10 Edit Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2 Menu: Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.2.1 Deﬁne Sensor Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.2.2 Generate Spectral Filter Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.2.3 Apply Spectral Shift to Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.4 BBCALC : Blackbody Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.5 RESLUT : Resample Atm. LUTS from Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3 Menu: Topographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3.1 DEM Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3.2 DEM Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Slope/Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.3.3 5.3.4 Skyview Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3.5 Cast Shadow Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3.6 Image Based Shadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3.7 DEM Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.3.8 Quick Topographic (no atm.) Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.4 Menu: ATCOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.4.1 Haze Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.4.2 The ATCOR main panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4.3 ATCOR4f: ﬂat terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.4.4 ATCOR4r: rugged terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.4.5 SPECTRA module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4.6 Aerosol Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.4.7 Visibility Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Inﬂight radiometric calibration module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.4.8 5.4.9 Shadow removal panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4.10 Panels for Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.4.11 Start ATCOR Process (Tiled / from ∗.inn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.5 Menu: BRDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.5.1 BREFCOR Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.5.2 Nadir normalization (Wide FOV Imagery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.5.3 BRDF Model Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.5.4 BRDF Model Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.5.5 Mosaicking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.6.1 Resample a Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.6.2 Low pass ﬁlter a Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Spectral Polishing: Statistical Filter 5.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.6.4 Spectral Polishing: Radiometric Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.6.5 Flat Field Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.6.6 Pushbroom Polishing / Destriping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.6.7 Spectral Smile Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.6.8 Cast Shadow Border Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.7 Menu: Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.7.1 TOA/At-Sensor Radiance Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.7.2 TOA/At-Sensor Thermal Radiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.6 Menu: Filter

CONTENTS 5 5.7.3 At-Sensor Apparent Reﬂectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.7.4 Resample Image Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.8 Menu: Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Solar Zenith and Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.8.1 5.8.2 Classiﬁcation of Surface Reﬂectance Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Spectral Smile Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.8.3 5.8.4 Spectral Calibration (Atm. Absorption Features) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.8.5 Calibration Coeﬃcients with Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.8.6 Convert High Res. Database (New Solar Irradiance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.8.7 Convert .atm for another Irradiance Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.8.8 Thermal Spectral Calibration (Atm. Features) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.8.9 Create Scan Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.8.10 MTF, PSF, and eﬀective GIFOV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.8.11 FODIS Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.9 Menu: Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.9.1 Help Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6 Batch Processing Reference 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.1 Starting ATCOR from console 6.2 Using the batch mode from within IDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.3 Batch modules, keyword-driven modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7 Value Added Products 151 7.1 LAI, FPAR, Albedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.2 Surface energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8 Sensor simulation of hyper/multispectral imagery 159 9 Implementation Reference and Sensor Speciﬁcs 166 9.1 Monochromatic atmospheric database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 9.1.1 Database update with solar irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.2 Sensor-speciﬁc atmospheric database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9.2.1 Resample sensor-speciﬁc atmospheric LUTs with another solar irradiance . . 170 9.3 Supported I/O ﬁle types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 9.3.1 Main Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 9.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9.3.3 Main output 9.3.4 Side outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9.4 Preference parameters for ATCOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 9.5 Job control parameters of the ”inn” ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 9.6 Problems and Hints Side inputs 10 Theoretical Background 10.1 Basics on radiative transfer 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10.1.1 Solar spectral region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10.1.2 Illumination based shadow detection and correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 10.1.3 Integrated Radiometric Correction (IRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.1.4 Spectral solar ﬂux, reﬂected surface radiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 10.1.5 Thermal spectral region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

CONTENTS 6 10.2 Masks for haze, cloud, water, snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 10.3 Quality layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10.4 Standard atmospheric conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.4.1 Constant visibility (aerosol) and atmospheric water vapor . . . . . . . . . . . 211 10.4.2 Aerosol retrieval and visibility map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 10.4.3 Water vapor retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 10.5 Non-standard conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 10.5.1 Haze removal 10.5.2 Haze removal method 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 10.5.3 Haze removal method 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10.5.4 Haze or sun glint removal over water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 10.5.5 Cirrus removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 10.5.6 De-shadowing with matched ﬁlter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 10.6.1 Nadir normalization method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 10.6.2 Empirical incidence BRDF correction in rugged terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.6.3 BRDF eﬀect correction (BREFCOR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 10.6.4 BRDF cover index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.7.1 Algorithm for ﬂat terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.7.2 Algorithm for rugged terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.8 Accuracy of the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.7 Summary of atmospheric correction steps 10.6 Correction of BRDF eﬀects References A Comparison of Solar Irradiance Spectra 243 250

List of Figures . . . . . . . 17 2.1 Visibility, AOT, and total optical thickness, atmospheric transmittance. 2.2 Schematic sketch of solar radiation components in ﬂat terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 Wavelength shifts for an AVIRIS scene. 2.4 MODTRAN and lab wavelength shifts (see discussion in the text). . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.5 Radiometric calibration with multiple targets using linear regression. . . . . . . . . . 29 2.6 Sketch of a cloud shadow geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.7 De-shadowing of a HyMap sub-scene of Munich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.8 Nadir normalization of an image with hot-spot geometry. Left: reﬂectance image without BRDF correction. Right: after empirical BRDF correction. . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.9 BRDF correction in rugged terrain imagery. Left: image without BRDF correction. Center: after BRDF correction with threshold angle βT = 65◦. Right: illumination map = cosβ. 2.10 Eﬀect of BRDF correction in an image mosaic (ADS image, cswisstopo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . 31 3.1 Atmospheric transmittance in the thermal region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2 Radiation components in the thermal region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Image processing options. Right panel appears if a cirrus band exists. 4.1 Top level graphical interface of ATCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2 Top level graphical interface of ATCOR: ”File”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.3 Top level graphical interface of ATCOR: ”Sensor”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.4 Topographic modules. 4.5 Top level graphical interface of ATCOR: ”Atmospheric Correction”. . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.6 ATCOR panel for ﬂat terrain imagery. 4.7 . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.8 Panel for DEM ﬁles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.9 Typical workﬂow of atmospheric correction. 4.10 Input / output image ﬁles during ATCOR processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.11 Directory structure of ATCOR-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.12 Supported analytical channel ﬁlter types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.13 Optional haze/cloud/water output ﬁle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.14 Path radiance and transmittace of a SEBASS scene derived from the ISAC method. 53 4.15 Comparison of radiance and temperature at sensor and at surface level. . . . . . . . 53 4.16 FODIS GUI supporting CaliGeo and NERC formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.1 Top level menu of the airborne ATCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.2 The File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.3 Band selection dialog for ENVI ﬁle display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.4 Display of ENVI imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7

LIST OF FIGURES 8 Import AVIRIS imagery from JPL standard format. 5.5 Simple text editor to edit plain text ASCII ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.6 Resize ATCOR input imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.8 Plotting the explicit sensor response functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.9 Plotting a calibration ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.10 Displaying a calibration ﬁle (same ﬁle as in Fig. 5.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.11 Panel to edit the ATCOR preferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.12 The ’New Sensor’ Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.13 Sensor deﬁnition ﬁles: the three ﬁles on the left have to be provided/created by the user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.14 Deﬁnition of a new sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.15 Spectral Filter Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.16 Application of spectral shift to sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.17 Black body function calculation panel 5.18 Panels of RESLUT for resampling the atmospheric LUTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.19 Topographic modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.20 Import DEM from global elevation data (SRTM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.21 Import DEM from ARC GRID ASCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.22 DEM Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.23 Slope/Aspect Calculation panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.24 Panel of SKYVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.25 Example of a DEM (left) with the corresponding sky view image (right). . . . . . . . 82 5.26 Panel of Cast Shadow Mask Calculation (SHADOW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.27 Panel of Image Based Shadows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.28 Panel of DEM smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.29 Topographic correction only, no atmospheric correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.30 The ’Atm. Correction’ Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.31 ATCOR haze removal module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.32 ATCOR panel. 5.33 Panel for DEM ﬁles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.34 Panel to make a decision in case of a DEM with steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.35 Inﬂuence of DEM artifacts on the solar illumination image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.36 SPECTRA module. 5.37 Radiometric calibration: target speciﬁcation panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.38 Radiometric CALIBRATION module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.39 Normalized histogram of unscaled shadow function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.40 Panel to deﬁne the parameters for interactive de-shadowing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.41 Quicklook of de-shadowing results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.42 Image processing options. Right panel appears if a cirrus band exists. . . . . . . . . 98 5.43 Emissivity selection panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.44 Options for haze processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.45 Reﬂectance ratio panel for dark reference pixels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.46 Incidence BRDF compensation panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.47 Value added panel for a ﬂat terrain. 5.48 Value added panel for a rugged terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.49 LAI / FPAR panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.50 Job status window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.51 ATCOR Tiled Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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