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河海大学计算机系面试总结 .docx
大数据big data
巨量数据集合
先序遍历
中序遍历
后序遍历
大数据big data
巨量数据集合
A类IP地址
B类IP地址
C类IP地址
查找过程
时间复杂度
深度优先搜索法
深度优先搜索法是树的先根遍历的推广，它的基本思想是：从图G的某个顶点v0出发，访问v0，然后选择一个
贪心算法不是对所有问题都能得到整体最优解，关键是贪心策略的选择，选择的贪心策略必须具备无后效性，即某
过程
第一次
第二次
第三次
死锁是指多个进程因竞争资源而造成的一种僵局（互相等待），若无外力作用，这些进程都将无法向前推进。例如
死锁产生的原因
1. 系统资源的竞争
系统资源的竞争导致系统资源不足，以及资源分配不当，导致死锁。
2. 进程运行推进顺序不合适
进程在运行过程中，请求和释放资源的顺序不当，会导致死锁。
产生死锁的四个必要条件：
互斥条件：一个资源每次只能被一个进程使用，即在一段时间内某 资源仅为一个进程所占有。此时若有其他进程
请求与保持条件：进程已经保持了至少一个资源，但又提出了新的资源请求，而该资源 已被其他进程占有，此时
不可剥夺条件:进程所获得的资源在未使用完毕之前，不能被其他进程强行夺走，即只能 由获得该资源的进程自
循环等待条件: 若干进程间形成首尾相接循环等待资源的关系
这四个条件是死锁的必要条件，只要系统发生死锁，这些条件必然成立，而只要上述条件之一不满足，就不会发生
死锁的避免与预防：
死锁避免的基本思想:
系统对进程发出每一个系统能够满足的资源申请进行动态检查,并根据检查结果决定是否分配资源,如果分配后系
理解了死锁的原因，尤其是产生死锁的四个必要条件，就可以最大可能地避免、预防和解除死锁。所以，在系统设
死锁避免和死锁预防的区别：
死锁预防是设法至少破坏产生死锁的四个必要条件之一,严格的防止死锁的出现,而死锁避免则不那么严格的限制
慢开始算法和拥塞避免算法
英语面试
1. 自我介绍
2017 年考研复试计算机专业英文自我介绍 Good morning, my teachers. I am glad to
have the opportunity to be here. My name is yangjiang and you can call me kevin. I
came from xx,NanJing,a beautiful town in the south part of NanJing. I am studying
at xxUniversity in xx Province now. My major is computer science and
technology(software development). I liked computer very much, especially in
software technology, and wanted to make some achievement in this field. Therefore,
I wanted to further my study with a master degree in Software Engineering . I am a
hard working student especially do the thing I am interested in. During 4 year
undergraduate education , my school marks were in the top of my major.I worked
hard and I was always active in various activities. I particated in China Undergrade
Mathematical Contest in Modling with two classmates and won the second prize of
nation ,the first price of liaoning province. In my free time, I like football，sing，
listening to music and communicating with friends, Also English is my
favorite,because i love American TV dramas and Hollywood films . I often watch
American TV dramas and Hollywood films and practise my oral English. But I know
my English is not good enough, I will continue studying.HOHAI University is my
dream school. When I came here for the first time,I was deeply impressed by the
learning atmosphere and faculty. So I'm eager to study further in this University.For
the past year I have been preparing for the postgraduate examination. Now my hard
work has seen results since I have a chance to be interviewed by you .I hope I could
get the opportunity to finish my postgraduate courses in HoHai University which I
have desired for a long time. I am looking forward to my postgraduate studies and
life.So i wish to further my study here and some day in the future i aspire to be a
great man like you.That is all.Thank you.
2. 为什么要选软件工程
Because my undergraduate study is related to the major,so I wanted to further my
study with a master degree in Software Engineering
3. 介绍家乡
GaoChun ia a beautiful town in the south part of NanJing.The special product in
Gaochun is crabs and it is really delicious .ALSO Gaochun old street is a good place
to travel and You can taste all kinds of delicacies there,of course include crubs.
4. 介绍学校
Bohai University is a comprehensive provincial university. she is located in Jinzhou,
Liaoning and she is a very beautiful school near the sea.Jinzhou is a beautiful seaside city.
I think The special product in Jinzhou is barbecue ,because there are a lot of grill house
and people in here like it very much.
5. UML 全称
Unified Modeling Language (UML)又称统一建模语言或标准建模语言 It is a universal
visual modeling language used to describe, visualize, construct, and build a software
system document.
6. IEEE 全称
电气和电子工程师协会( IEEE，全称是 Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers)
7. DBMS 全称
数据库管理系统(Database Management System)
8. OOP 全称
面向对象程序设计(Object Oriented Programming)
9. XML 全称
可扩展标记语言
Extensible Markup Language
10. 数据库中的 AICID
ACID，指数据库事务正确执行的四个基本要素的缩写。包含：原子性（Atomicity）、一致
性（Consistency）、隔离性（Isolation）、持久性（Durability）。一个支持事务
（Transaction）的数据库，必须要具有这四种特性，否则在事务过程（Transaction
processing）当中无法保证数据的正确性，交易过程极可能达不到交易方的要求。ACID,
the abbreviation of the four basic elements that the index is executed correctly according
to the transaction of the library.It includes: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
11. 喜欢什么课程及理由
I like JAVA class. Because this programming language is the most widely used language
so far, it can help me to do the project
12. 擅长什么编程语言
JAVA
13. 未来学习的方向
大数据 big data
巨量数据集合
Huge data set
一种规模大到在获取、存储、管理、分析方面大大超出了传统数据库软件工具能力范围的
数据集合，具有海量的数据规模、快速的数据流转、多样的数据类型和价值密度低四大特
征
A data set with large scale to acquire, store, manage and analyze, which has greatly
exceeded the capability range of traditional database software tools, has four
characteristics: massive data scale, fast data transfer, diverse data types and low value
density.
14.
JAVA,javascript 区别
Java 是一门面向对象编程语言它功能强大，简单易用。
JavaScript 是一种脚本语言，它可以用来嵌入 html 中，可以使得页面具有动态效果。
JAVA,javascript 完全没有关系
Java is an object oriented programming language which is powerful, simple and easy to
use.
JavaScript is a scripting language that can be used to embed in HTML, which can make
the page dynamic.
JAVA, JavaScript has nothing to do with it,
15.
b/s,c/s 区别
B/S 具体结构为：浏览器/Web 服务器/数据库服务器。主要是利用不断成熟的 WWW 浏
览器技术，结合浏览器的多种脚本语言，用通用浏览器就实现了原来需要复杂的专用
软件才能实现的强大功能，并节约了开发成本。从某种程度上来说 B/S 结构是一种全
新的软件体系结构。
browser /server.The specific structure of B/S is: browser /Web server / database server.
Mainly using the constantly mature WWW browser technology, combined with various script
languages of browsers, and using general browsers, we realized the powerful functions that
needed complex special software, and saved the development cost. To some extent, the B/S
structure is a completely new software architecture.
C/S 软件体系结构是基于资源不对等，且为实现共享而提出来的，是 20 世纪 90 年代
成熟起来的技术，C/S 体系结构定义了工作站如何与服务器相连，以实现数据和应用分
布到多个处理机上。
C/S 体系结构有三个主要组成部分：数据库服务器、客户应用程序和网络。
Client/sever.C/S software architecture is based on resource inequalities, and is put forward for
sharing. It's a technology that matured in 1990s. C/S architecture defines how workstations
are connected to servers, so that data and applications can be distributed to multiple
processors.
The C/S architecture has three main components: a database server, a client application, and a
network.
16. 软件开发过程模型
瀑布模型（Waterfall Model）:瀑布模型是将软件生存周期的各项活动规定为按固定顺序而
连接的若干阶段工作，形如瀑布流水，最终得到软件产品。它适应于需求全面稳定的项
目。优点是：强迫开发人员采用规范的技术，严格规定了每个阶段必须提交的文档，每个
阶段结束前都必须进行严格地技术复审和管理复审。The waterfall model is to define the
activities of software lifecycle as a number of stages connected by a fixed sequence,
which is like a waterfall and eventually gets the software product. It adapts to a project
with a comprehensive and stable demand. The advantages are: forcing developers to
adopt standardized technology, strictly stipulate documents submitted at each stage, and
strict technical review and management review before each stage.
快速原型模型（Rapid Prototype Model）
快速原型模型开发是顺序进行的，本质是快速，适用于领域熟悉的项目。优点的是：完成
的产品能真正满足用户需求，开发过程基本是线性顺序进行的。The rapid prototyping
model is developed in sequence and is fast in nature and is suitable for familiar projects
in the field. The advantage is that the finished product can really meet the needs of the
user, and the development process is basically linear.
增量模型(Incremental Model)增量模型的软件开发过程是递增式的过程，适用于产品升级
或新版本的开发。优点是能在较短时间内向用户提交部分工作产品，逐步增加功能，使得
用户有时间适应新产品 The software development process of the incremental model is an
incremental process, which is suitable for product upgrading or new version development.
The advantage is that it can submit part of the work product to the user in a short time
and gradually increase the function so that the user will have time to adapt to the new
product.
螺旋式过程模型(Spiral Model)使用原型及其他方法降低风险，可以把它看做是每个阶段前
都增加了风险分析过程的快速原型模型。适用于内部开发的大型软件项目。优点是：有利
于软件的重用，有助于把软件质量作为软件开发的目标。Using prototypes and other
methods to reduce risk, you can see it as a rapid prototyping model that increases the
risk analysis process before each stage. Large software projects for internal development.
The advantage is that it is beneficial to the reuse of software and helps to make software
quality the goal of software development.
喷泉模型（fountain model）是面向对象的软件开发过程，特性是迭代，平滑过渡。It is an
object oriented software development process, characterized by iterative and smooth
transition.
RUP(Rational Unified Process)统一软件开发过程,Rational 的统一过程。是一个二维的生命周期模
型，划分为四个阶段：初始阶段，精化阶段，构建阶段，移交阶段。最佳实践：迭代式开发，管理
需求，使用基于构建的软件体系结构，可视化建模，验证软件质量，控制软件变更 It is a two-
dimensional model of life cycle, which is divided into four stages: the initial stage, the refinement
stage, the construction stage, the transfer stage. Best practices: iterative development,
management requirements, the use of built based software architecture, visual modeling,
validation of software quality, and control of software changes
敏捷过程（Agile Development）适用于商业竞争环境下对小型项目提出的有限资源有限开发时间的约
束。极限编程是最著名的敏捷过程，其极限二字是指把有效的软件开发实践运用到极致 The agile process
is applicable to the limited development time constraints imposed on small projects in a business
competition environment. Extreme programming is the most famous agile process. The limit of two
words refers to the use of effective software development practice to the extreme.
17. 二叉树英语
Binary Tree 二叉树在图论中是这样定义的：二叉树是一个连通的无环图，并且每一个顶点
的度不大于 3。有根二叉树还要满足根结点的度不大于 2。有了根结点之后，每个顶点定
义了唯一的父结点，和最多 2 个子结点。然而，没有足够的信息来区分左结点和右结点。
如果不考虑连通性，允许图中有多个连通分量，这样的结构叫做森林。The Binary Tree
two forked tree is defined in graph theory: the two forked tree is a connected acyclic
graph, and the degree of each vertex is not more than 3. There is a root two tree to meet
the root node degree not more than 2. With the root node, each vertex defines a unique
parent node and a maximum of 2 sub nodes. However, there is not enough information to
distinguish between left and right nodes. If connectivity is not considered, there are more
than one connected components in the graph, and such a structure is called a forest.
所谓遍历二叉树，就是按一定的规则和顺序走遍二叉树的所有结点，使每一个结点都被访
问一次，而且只被访问一次。The so-called traversal two fork tree is to go to all the nodes
of the two fork tree according to a certain rule and order, so that every node is visited
once, and it is only visited once.
先序遍历
首先访问根，再先序遍历左（右）子树，最后先序遍历右（左）子树 Preorder
traversal
First, the right (left) subtree is traversed by the first access to the root, and then the
left (right) subtree is traversed in preorder.
中序遍历
首先中序遍历左（右）子树，再访问根，最后中序遍历右（左）子树 Middle order
ergodic
The first traversal of the left (right) subtree revisited ask root traversal, finally the
right subtree (left)
后序遍历
首先后序遍历左（右）子树，再后序遍历右（左）子树，最后访问根
Post order traversal
First, the left (right) subtree is traversed by the post order, and the right (left) subtree is
traversed by the back order, and the root is finally accessed.
18. 解释运行
运行是 Windows 的必要组成部分，可以简单理解为一个应用程序快速调用的组件。通过
“运行”窗口，可以调用 Windows 中任何应用程序甚至 DOS 命令。
Running is an essential part of Windows and can be simply understood as a component
that is quickly called by an application. Through the "run" window, you can call any
application or even the DOS command in the Windows.
19. 设计模式
Design pattern，设计模式是面向对象开发的经验总结。设计模式原则（Design pattern
principle）：开闭原则（Open and close principle），单一职责原则 Single responsibility
principle（），里氏替换原则（Liskov Substitution Principle），接口隔离原则（Interface
Segregation Principle），迪米特法则（最少知道原则）（Demeter Principle）
java 中单例模式是一种常见的设计模式，单例模式的写法有好几种，这里主要介绍三种：
懒汉式单例、饿汉式单例、登记式单例。
单例模式有以下特点：
1、单例类只能有一个实例。
2、单例类必须自己创建自己的唯一实例。
3、单例类必须给所有其他对象提供这一实例。
Design pattern is an experience summary of object oriented development.
Java singleton pattern is a common design pattern, singleton pattern is written several,
here introduces three kinds: slug type single cases, who were single, single registration
cases.
The singleton model has the following characteristics:
1, the single class can only have one instance.
2, the singleton class must create its own unique instance.
3, the singleton class must provide this example to all other objects.
工厂模式是我们最常用的实例化对象模式了，是用工厂方法代替 new 操作的一种模
式。工厂模式中有: 工厂方法(Factory Method) 抽象工厂(Abstract Factory).这两个模式区
别在于需要创建对象的复杂程度上。The factory pattern is our most commonly used
instantiation object pattern, and is a mode of replacing the new operation with a factory
method. The factory pattern: factory method (Factory Method) Abstract Factory (Abstract
Factory). The two mode difference lies in the complexity of the need to create objects.
适配器模式将一个类的接口转换成客户希望的另外一个接口。Adapter 模式使得原本由于
接口不兼容而不能一起工作的那些类可以在一起工作。The adapter pattern converts an
interface of a class into another interface that the customer wants. The Adapter mode
makes those classes that can not work together because of incompatible interfaces can
work together.
20. 兴趣，爱好，特长
I like swimming and listening to music.I usually go swimming every summer.
21. 为什么选择河海
HOHAI University is my dream school. When I came here for the first time,I was
deeply impressed by the learning atmosphere and faculty. So I'm eager to study
further in this University.
22. 解释 TCP,IP,还有栈，堆，队列
TCP（Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议）是一种面向连接的、可靠的、基于字
节流的传输层通信协议它完成第四层传输层所指定的功能，用户数据报协议（UDP）是同
一层内[1] 另一个重要的传输协议。TCP (TCP) is a connection oriented, reliable, based on
byte stream transport layer communication protocol it completed fourth layer transport
layer specified function, user datagram protocol (UDP) is in the same level of [1] another
important transmission protocol.
网络之间互连的协议（IP）是 Internet Protocol 的外语缩写，网络之间互连的协议也就是
为计算机网络相互连接进行通信而设计的协议。在因特网中，它是能使连接到网上的所有
计算机网络实现相互通信的一套规则，规定了计算机在因特网上进行通信时应当遵守的规
则，位于网络层： IP,ICMP,IGMP
Internetworking protocol (IP) is the abbreviation of Internet Protocol, and the protocol of
internetworking is designed for communication between computer networks. In the
Internet, it is a set of rules that enable all computer networks connected to the Internet
to communicate with each other. It specifies the rules that computers should obey when
communicating on the Internet. It is located at the network layer: IP, ICMP, IGMP.
栈是限定仅在表头进行插入和删除操作的线性表。a stack is a linear table that defines
inserting and deleting operations only in the header.进栈（PUSH）算法，退栈（POP）
算法，栈分顺序栈和链式栈 PUSH algorithm, stack (POP) algorithm, stack sequence
stack and chain stack
堆（英语：heap)是计算机科学中一类特殊的数据结构的统称。堆通常是一个可以被
看做一棵树的数组对象。堆总是满足下列性质：
堆中某个节点的值总是不大于或不小于其父节点的值；
堆总是一棵完全二叉树。
Heap (English: heap) is the general name of a special type of data structure in computer
science. A heap is usually an array of objects that can be seen as a tree. The heap
always satisfies the following properties:
The value of a node in a heap is always not greater than or less than the value of its
parent.
The heap is always a completely two forked tree.
队列是一种特殊的线性表，特殊之处在于它只允许在表的前端（front）进行删除操作，而
在表的后端（rear）进行插入操作，和栈一样，队列是一种操作受限制的线性表。进行插
入操作的端称为队尾，进行删除操作的端称为队头。Queue is a special linear form. The
peculiarity is that it only allows the delete operation at the front end of the table (front),
and inserts operation at the back end of the table (rear). Like the stack, the queue is a
linear table with limited operation. The end of the insertion operation is called the tail of
the team, and the end of the delete operation is called the head of the team.
23. 家乡好吃的
Guchenghu Hairy Crabs
24. 做过的项目
25.
解释嵌入式
Embedded System
对嵌入式系统的定义：“用于控制、监视或者辅助操作机器和设备的装置”。原文为：
Devices Used to Control，Monitor or Assist the Operation of Equipment，Machinery or
Plants）。
c 和 c++有什么区别
26.
A new procedure of thinking, C language is a process oriented,
and C + + object oriented.
27. 黑盒测试和白盒测试
黑盒测试把程序看成一个黑盒子，完全不考虑程序的内部结构，是在程序接口进行的测
试，只检查程序功能是否正常使用，程序是否能适当接受输入数据并产生正确的输出信
息，运行过程中能否保持外部信息的完整性。
Black box testing program as a black box, without considering the internal structure of the
program, the program interface is carried out in the test, only check whether the normal
function of the use of procedures, whether the program can appropriate to accept the
input data and output information correctly, can maintain the integrity of the external
information during operation.
白盒测试把程序看成装在一个透明的白盒子里，测试者完全知道程序的结构和算法。
按照程序内部的逻辑测试程序，检查程序中的主要执行道路是否能按预定要求正常工作
The white box test takes the program as a transparent white box, and the tester is fully
aware of the structure and algorithms of the program. According to the logical test
program within the program, check whether the main road in the program can work as
scheduled.
28. 解释数据库管理系统
Database Management System(DBMS)
Database management system (Database Management System) is a large software that
manipulate and manage database. It is used to establish, use and maintain database, or
DBMS.
29. 解释 OOAOOD
Object oriented analysis 面向对象分析
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