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    Cartographic Perspectives Journal of the North American Cartographic Information Society sPeCi a l m o u n t a i n Ca r t o g r aPh y i s s u e Number 67, Winter 2010
    Cartographic Perspectives Journal of the North American Cartographic Information Society sPeCi a l m o u n t a i n Ca r t o g r aPh y i s s u e Number 67, Winter 2010 I n t hIs I s s u e L E T T E R F R O M T H E G uEsT E D I T O Rs Bernhard Jenny and Tom Patterson F E ATuR E D A R T I C L Es Mountain Ski Maps of North America: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style Alex Tait Accidental cARTographer Tibor Tóth Mapping Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Tom Patterson Design and Production of the Himachal Pradesh Topographic Overview Map, 1:500,000 David Schobesberger, Karel Kriz, Markus Breier Terrain Sculptor: Generalizing Terrain Models for Relief Shading Anna M. Leonowicz, Bernhard Jenny, Lorenz Hurni Visual Fields Elbie Bentley Practical Cartographer’s Corner Alex Tait Book Reviews Various Reviewers Instructions to Authors 3 5 19 29 43 51 61 63 75 83 Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010 1
    Cartographic Perspectives Journal of the North American Cartographic Information Society © 2 0 1 0 N A C I S I S S N 1 0 4 8 - 9 0 8 5 w w w. n a c i s . o r g ED I T O R Fritz Kessler Department of Geography Frostburg State University 230 Gunter Hall 101 Braddock Blvd Frostburg, MD 21532 (301) 687-4266 (301) 687-4495 fax fkessler@frostburg.edu G u e s t edIt o rs G uEsT ED I T O R Bernhard Jenny Institute of Cartography ETH Zurich jenny@karto.baug.ethz.ch CO P Y ED I T O R Mary Spalding Potomac State College of West Virginia University G uEsT ED I T O R Tom Patterson US National Park Service Harpers Ferry, WV, USA tom_patterson@nps.gov MA N A G I N G G uEsT ED I T O R Tanya MA Buckingham UW-Madison Cartography Lab tbuckingham@uwisc.edu C O P Y R I G H T N O T I C E Unless otherwise noted, NACIS holds the copyrights to all items published in each issue. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s), and not necessarily the opinion of NACIS. W O R D C L OuD A BsT R A C Ts The wordclouds featured in the abstracts were produced using Wordle (http://www.wordle.net/). Complete text from each article was included. A B OuT T H E C O V E R The map of “Switzerland during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 1:500,000” shows the maximum extent of glaciation in Switzerland at the height of the last Ice Age about 24,000 years ago. The Swiss Commission for Quaternary Research SKQ and Prof. Christian Schlüchter of the Institute for Geological Sciences at the University of Bern gathered the data and coordinated the scientific work. The Federal Office of Topography swisstopo is responsible for the cartographic work. The map published in 2009 presents the latest results of research on the Ice Age in Switzerland. A digital version of the map is available for free from www.swisstopo.admin.ch > Products > Maps > Geological maps > Geological maps 1:500,000 Reproduced with the authorisation of swisstopo (JA100120) Close-up of “Switzerland during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 1:500,000” 2 Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010
    L e t t e r Fr oM t h e Gu e s t edIt o rs This special mountain cartography issue of Cartographic Perspectives features papers by members of the Commission on Mountain Cartography, a special interest group of the International Cartographic Association (ICA). The commission focuses on a range of issues related to the mapping of mountains—peaks, cliffs, scree, glaciers, and various other types of rough terrain. Mapping such extreme places presents challenges. For example, standard mapping techniques often do not apply, and collecting good geospatial data of high mountains is an ongoing challenge despite technology advances. There also is a cultural aspect to mountain mapping. Many mountain dwellers live under the threat of gravity-induced natural hazards, from avalanches to mudslides to damn bursts, which maps can help them better understand and deal with. But mountains have also long been a source of inspiration for those who visit and map them alike, prompting cartographic innovation. The well-known maps of Heinrich Berann, Richard Edes Harrison, Eduard Imhof, Hal Shelton, and Bradford Washburn highlight just some of the contributions by those engaged in mountain cartography to the profession as a whole. Most papers that follow are a sampling of those presented at the 2008 Mountain Cartography workshop at Lenk, Switzerland. Since its founding in 1999, the Commission on Mountain Cartography has held biannual workshops at various mountain venues. To date these have included the Austrian Alps (2000), Mount Hood in the USA (2002), the Spanish Pyrenees (2004), the Julian Alps of Slovenia (2006), the Swiss Alps (2008), and the Carpathian Mountains of Romania (2010). The workshops have attracted an increasing number of presenters, reaching almost 60 participants at the last two workshops in 2008 and 2010. In addition to the formal program, the relaxed atmosphere of the workshops is conducive for catching up with old friends and making new ones. A workshop tradition is to devote the last day to outdoor activities for a range of interests and abilities, from ski touring to curling, or hiking, depending on the season. The workshops typically occur over three days in either late February or early September. The workshop participants represent diverse backgrounds and interests, but share a common passion for mountain mapping. The presentations take many forms. These include longer academic papers, Pecha Kucha-style short presentations, software demonstrations, panel discussions, and posters. The presentation topics generally fall Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010 3
    into four thematic groups. In the first group are techniques, software, and ideas about 2D or 3D relief mapping, which are topics of recurring interest. This includes the related pursuits of contouring, relief shading, rock drawing, and vegetation mapping. The second group covers the monitoring of mountain environments and thematic mapping. The survey and visualization of glacier movements, and the mapping of avalanches and other mountain hazards are common topics in this category. The third group focuses on information systems and digital maps of mountain areas used by tourists and outdoor recreation enthusiasts. And, the fourth group concentrates on historical mountain mapping, looking at the activities of cartographers and expeditions from the past and their rich contributions to our profession. However, many of the workshop presentations are on alternative and innovative topics that do not fit into these neat groups. This special issue contains three papers from North American and two papers from European authors. The first paper by Alex Tait (International Mapping, USA) examines maps of alpine ski resorts in North America. He compares the graphical styles of trail maps of more than 400 resorts, and traces the history of past and present artists, such as James Niehues, Hal Shelton and Bill Brown. The paper by Tibor Tóth (Tóth Graphix, USA) looks back on his forty-year career as a relief artist, much of it spent at the National Geographic Society. He discusses the manual development of relief art created by pencil, airbrush, and acrylic painting, and ends with digital relief shading. Tom Patterson (US National Park Service) discusses the making of a National Park Service map of Glacier Bay. He describes the various steps leading to a brochure map of this wilderness park visited mostly by cruise ship passengers. The paper examines various mountain-mapping challenges, including shaded relief, land cover, glaciers, fjord bathymetry, braided rivers, and place names. David Schobesberger and his coauthors (University of Vienna, Austria) describe the design of a map of mountainous Himachal Pradesh, India. The aim of this map is to support an interdisciplinary research network focusing on the cultural history of the western Himalayas. Schobesberger’s paper describes data compilation from a variety of mostly suboptimal sources, starting with maps originally surveyed by the colonial British and ending with satellite imagery. The main author of the last paper is Anna Leonowicz (University of Zurich, Switzerland). Her paper discusses Terrain Sculptor, a new freeware application that prepares generalized terrain models for relief shading. For additional mountain cartography readings and to learn more about the ICA Commission on Mountain Cartography, visit http://mountaincartography.org/. The website offers the proceedings of past workshops, the commission’s terms of reference, a list of commission members, and information about the next scheduled workshop. We would welcome your participation. Bernhard Jenny Institute of Cartography ETH Zurich and Tom Patterson US National Park Service Harpers Ferry, WV, USA 4 Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010
    Mountain ski Maps of North America: A Preliminary survey and Analysis of style Alex Tait | alex@internationalmapping.com International Mapping 5300 Dorsey Hall Dr. Ellicott City, MD 21042 A b sTrAcT This article examines mountain ski resort trail maps in North America in 2008. It looks at the styles of maps used by resorts and at the main artists involved in producing the maps. The survey included maps from 428 resorts with additional analysis of maps from the 100 largest resorts. Point of view and creation method are the primary factors in determining the style of each ski trail map. Artists have employed three main types of views for ski mountains: panoramas, profiles, and planimetric maps. Panoramic views are by far the most common type of map (86% of all maps and all of the maps at the top 100 areas). Profile views are used in 8% of the maps and planimetric views in only 6%. Production methods for ski trail maps fall into three main categories: painting, illustrating, and computer rendering. Maps created with painting techniques are the most widespread, in use at 72% of all resorts and at 89% of the top 100 areas. Those created in a hard-edged vector-based illustration style are in use at 20% of resorts and those created through computer modeling and rendering at 3% of resorts. Many artists have created ski trail maps for resorts in North America but one artist, James Niehues, has produced by far the most maps in current use. His maps are in use at over a quarter of all ski areas and at half of the top Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010 Mountain Ski Maps of North America: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style – Tait | 5
    100 resorts. Niehues follows in the footsteps of two other Coloradans, Hal Shelton and then Bill Brown, and this Colorado School has been key in the development of a classic painted panoramic style of North American ski maps. Additional research is recommended to provide further details of the history of the maps and their creators as well as to analyze the artists’ terrain manipulations and to look at the growing use of electronic trail maps. K e y w o r d s Ski maps, 3D-maps, panoramas, North America, map design, Hal Shelton, James Niehues MA P PiNg s Ki M o uN TAiNs iN N o r Th AMe r i cA Trails maps for ski areas are iconic images of the nature of the sport of skiing and its relation to the terrain on which ski resorts are built. Canada and the United States have well over 400 ski areas that are large enough to merit a trail map. The development of the maps has paralleled the development of the sport of lift-served skiing. As skiing in North America has grown and more money has flowed to building bigger resorts and marketing the resorts to skiers, more attention has been paid to marketing materials (Fry, 2006). The combination of bigger areas to map and an increase in money in the sport led to a shift from simple wayfinding maps to more elaborate mountain portrayals. This study looks at the total number of ski maps in use during the 2007-2008 winter ski season and categorizes them by angle of view, method of creation, size, and artist, if known. An evaluation of these factors is provided in the context of how they affect the style of the ski map. In addition, an examination of the artists involved in the maps’ creation yields information about the history of mapping ski resorts. S u r v e y o f S k i M a pS i n C u r r e n t u Se A mountain ski map as defined for this paper is a map of the trails and ski facilities of a lift-served ski area. Maps are included for any ski area that has a vertical drop (top to bottom elevation change) of at least 200 feet (60 meters). In addition, due to the limit on time and expenses for gathering materials, the study includes only ski areas and resorts with established websites, indicating that they are both currently operating and that they are marketing to the public to entice skiers. The resulting survey of ski maps does not include very small areas—because of the vertical minimum—and it does not include some of the smaller private and non-commerical ski areas that do not have websites or advertise in the manner of a commercial ski resort. Many of these areas have trail maps but are outside the main ski area focus of the industry and of this paper. Most resorts have additional maps in their marketing materials and on their websites that display Nordic or cross- country skiing trails, base lodge areas, resort towns, and lodging. These maps are not included in this study. The develoPMeNT of The MAPs hAs PArAlleled The develoPMeNT of The sPorT of lifT-served sKiiNg. 6 | Mountain Ski Maps of North America: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style – Tait Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010
    PAiNTed PANorAMic views hAve A sTroNg TrAdiTioN iN sKi MAPPiNg iN NorTh AMericA ANd Much of This doMiNANce iN The curreNT survey cAN be ATTribuTed To jusT A few ArTisTs. The survey was conducted during January 2008 by searching the Internet for ski resorts and then for ski maps used by each resort during the 2007-2008 ski season. Compiled lists of resorts data were accessed at www.skitown.com and www.skireport.com. Each ski map was obtained directly from the individual ski resort website. A visit to the individual websites confirmed that each resort was currently operating and allowed viewing of the trail maps provided by the resort. In cases of a resort with multiple trail maps, for example different maps for print and on-line use, the map designated for print and on-slope use was used. An electronic file was available for 428 out of 429 resorts researched (the only exception was Apple Mountain in Michigan, not included as part of the survey). For each trail map the following information was catalogued: view type, creation method, artist, existence and type of interactive web map, and size of resort (vertical drop, number of lifts, number of slopes). In addition, subjective style notes were made to assist in categorizing maps and assigning authorship. View type describes the general nature of the view of the mountain, i.e. the location and orientation of the cartographer’s (or photographer’s) point of view in relation to the terrain. Creation method describes the technique used to construct the final image. In order to isolate some of the more important trends in the creation of ski maps, a distinction was made between major resorts and minor resorts. The major resorts are the top 100 ski areas as defined by a size index calculated by multiplying the vertical drop (top to bottom elevation difference) by the number of lifts and then by the number of trails. The use of vertical drop in the index aided in putting the larger mountains (in terms of terrain covered) toward the top of the list. Many of the smaller mountains did not make it into the top 100 resorts. The initial results of the survey are summarized in Table 1. Some immediate trends emerge, such as the preponderance of ski maps using the panoramic view. Indeed for the major resorts it is the only type of view used. Also, the painted technique—originally using traditional art tools and now often using computer painting applications—is the dominant method used to create the trail maps. Painted panoramic views have a strong tradition in ski mapping in North America and much of this dominance in the current survey can be attributed to just a few artists. All Ski Resorts View type panoramic profile planimetric Total Table 1. Survey of North American mountain ski maps, counts, and percentages by view type and creation method. Creation method painted illustrated annotated photo computer rendered Total 368 36 24 423 307 85 24 12 428 % 86% 8% 6% 100%* 72% 20% 6% 3% 100%* Top 100 Ski Resorts 100 0 0 100 89 7 1 3 100 *All percentages have been rounded Cartographic Perspectives, Number 67, Winter 2010 Mountain Ski Maps of North America: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style – Tait | 7
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