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2017江苏南京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语考研真题.doc
2017 江苏南京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语考研真题
I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there
are fourchoices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes
the sentence.
Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.
1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.
A. he realized B. has he realized C. did he realize D. would he realize
2. ____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary
people struggle to maintain their dignity.
A. Which B. What C. That D. One
3.______ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.
A. Since that B. Since now C. By now D. Now that
4. “John told me that he was late for school this morning.” “Oh, he rarely used
to be late, ______?”
A. wasn’t he B. was he C. didn’t he D. did he
5. “Mrs. White is quite unfriendly.” “I think she’s ____ than unfriendly.”
A. shyer B. shy C. more shy rather D. more shy
6. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ______ in the
courtyard.
A. combine B. unite C. mobilize D. assemble
7. Such a change would not _____ to the present wishes of the great majority of people.
A. comfort B. comply C. conform D. confirm
8. Your dislike for women drivers has no logical foundation: it is due only to ______.
A. preference B. prejudice C. psychology D. propaganda
9. The doctor carefully examined the driver who suffered ______ all over his body
in a car accident.
A. scars B. scratches C. bruises D. wrenches
10. Police officer assures us ______ will be taken to guard against the recurrence
of such incidents.
A. prevention B. preparation C. prediction D. precaution
11. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _____ he is likely to smile and
reach out to another infant.
A. as B. if C. whenever D. whereas
12. One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon,
______ located in
northwestern Arizona.
A. being B. where C. which is D. and
13. His acceptance speech was _______, eliciting thunderous applause at several
points.
A. tedious B. cowardly C. well-received D. loud
14. During the war, the shipping lanes proved _____ to attack.
A．vulnerable B．dangerous C．futile D．difficult
B. limiting
D. taxing
C. pertinent to
15. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, so he
had become______.
A．hoarse B．inarticulate C．speechless D．tongue-tied
16. We decided to ______ the program.
A. carry away B. adhere to C. give in D. get at
17. He is very cute and always _____ giving offence.
A. cautious of B. aware of C. certain about D. good at
18. Diamonds that are _____ or are too small for jewelry are used to cut very hard
metals.
A. flawed B. perfect C. luminous D. crude
19. Leaves are not distributed _____ on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very
precise way that assures them the maximum light.
A. dangerously B. randomly C. densely D. linearly
20. Accountants record all information ______ the economic aspects of an
organization’s activities.
A. submitted to
II. Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some
questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked
A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer
on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid
in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel,
have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines, the daily press, and even
in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert
attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests
themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with
reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable,
meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon
the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of
relevant past performance.How well the predictions will be validated by later
performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the
information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone
who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete
and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick,
objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned,
the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained
has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of
information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a
particular situation depends,therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning
comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a
particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity.
Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about
many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been
previously recognized.
1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.
A. the necessity of standardized tests
B. the validity of standardized tests
C. the method used to interpret standardized tests’ results.
D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.
2. The author’s attitude toward standardized tests is _______.
A. critical B. vague C. optimistic D. positive
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Standardized tests should no longer be used.
B. Standardized tests’ results accurately reflect testees’ abilities.
C. The value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretation
D. Special methods must be applied to evaluate standardized tests.
4. According to the passage, an informed prediction _______.
A. can surely be validated by later performance
B. is based on abundant and the most reliable information
C. always tends to be wrong like other predictions too
D. don’t need any interpretation
5. According to the passage, standardized tests work most effectively when
____________.
A. the objectives to be measured are most precisely defined.
B. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.
C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.
D. they measure the traits or qualities of the tests
Passage 2
A quality education is the basic liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving
them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society.
It can also free communities and countries，allowing them to jump forward into periods
of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason，
the international community has devoted itself to getting all the world’s children
into primary school by 2015，a commitment known as Education for All.
Can education for All be achieved by 2015? The answer is undoubtedly “yes”， although
it is a difficult task．If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully
completing a minimum five years of primary school，instead of just enrolling（注
册）for classes，which used to be the measuring stick for education，the challenge
will become even more difficult．Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at
risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates．The number
rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the standard. Still，the goal is achievable
with the right policies and the right support from the international community．59
of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they
bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards
observed in higher-performing systems．They also need significant increases in
external financing and technical support．The 29 countries lagging farthest behind
will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress．But this is
attainable with creative solutions，including the use of information technologies，
flexible and targeted foreign aid，and fewer people living in poverty．
A new plan for achieving global education targets is to be put to development and
finance ministers at a meeting of the World Bank’s Development Committee.
A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a
country’s capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies，institutions
and management．Where a country scores well on these standards，foreign assistance
can be highly effective．
The new action plan calls on governments to show their commitment by transforming
their education systems.Meanwhile, external partners would provide financial and
technical support in a transparent manner.
6．In the first paragraph，the author says a quality education has the function
of_________．
A. helping countries free from foreign rules
B. letting people get rid of any exploitation
C. giving people more freedom
D. speeding up the progress of society
7．According to the international community, the goal of Education for All is to
____.
A. get all children to achieve education on the base of enrollment rates
B. make all the children in the world go to primary school by 2015
C. let poor children have the same chances as rich ones to go to school
D. support those countries determined to transform their education systems
8. In the past, the enrollment of students for classed played a part of ______.
A. ensuring children to complete five years’ education successfully
B. measuring the standard of education
C. measuring teachers’ teaching levels
D. attempting to make all the children in poor countries well educated
9. According to the passage, which of the following belongs to the right policy of
achieving Education for All?
A. Setting up more primary schools. B. Speeding up the development of economy first.
C. Using information technologies. D. Increasing the internal financing.
10. We can know from the last paragraph that the high efficiency of foreign aid
______.
A. depends on a country’s high standards of policies, institutions and management
B. is mainly achieved in those observing high-performing educational systems
C. is the most essential for helping the poor get rid of poverty
D. is the most important policy for achieving Education for All
Passage 3.
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to
affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example,
behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager,at the University of Denver,
gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current
by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in
the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected
both itself and its helpless partner from the shock.Laudenslager found that the
immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those
that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that
lack of control over an event,not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune
system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of
Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t
develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats.
But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over,
they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such
findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of
helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response
was discovered by chance.In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of
Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin
（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a
drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating
the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.
In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals
to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice
that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning
died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that
saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could
turn off the electricity____.
A. was strengthened B. was not affected C. was altered D. was weakened
12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to______ .
A. try to control unpleasant stimuli B. turn off the electricity
C. behave passively in controllable situations D. become abnormally suspicious
13. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ______.
A. they disliked its taste B. it affected their immune systems
C. it led to stomach pains D. they associated it with stomachaches
14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice
in Ader’s experiment was that_____ .
A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B. the sweetener was poisonous to them
C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_______.
A. can be weakened by conditioning B. can be suppressed by drug injections
C. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D. can be altered by electric shocks
Passage 4
As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two
apparently unrelated facts.Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to
a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously.
It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other
hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly
under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually looking much the same in
artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part
to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.
When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the
sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment
does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area
to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity,
and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence
in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten,
it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place
over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has
been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however,
the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain
its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is
so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss
of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an
"afterimage" superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the
actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength
to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation." Also, because of the
persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another,
all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation
will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.
16. This selection is concerned primarily with ____.
A. the adaptation of the eye to color B. the color of colors
C. the properties of colored surfaces D. the effect of changes in color intensity
17. Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to
the viewer as similar or
different would depend mostly on ____.
A. the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewing
B. what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewings
C. the properties of the surfaces viewed
D. the individual's power of lateral adaptation
18. If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time,
and then shifts to an object not well lit --- such as a lawn or shrub in shadow ---
we can expect ____.
A. a time lag in the focusing ability of the eye
B. some inability to see colors of the latter---named objects until loss of
sensitivity has been regained
C. the immediate loss of the "afterimage" of the first object
D. the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral
areas to the new intensity level
19. The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ____.
A. some experiments with color pigments
B. the nature of color
C. the color properties of various surfaces
D. the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to color
20. This selection tells us all the following EXCEPT that ____.
A. color depends on what other colors are seen
B. the adjustment of the eye to the color it sees affects the next color it sees
C. since properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not change, the surfaces
of objects always look just the same in artificial light as in daylight
D. the adjustment of the eye is affected by three variables: size of areas, intensity
of color and length of time
III. Translation A (20 points)
Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Please write your version
in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.
1. Despite these distinctions, the similarities between manufacturing and service
organizations are compelling.Every organization has processes that must be designed
and managed effectively. Some type of technology,be it manual or computerized, must
be used in each process. Every organization is concerned about quality,productivity,
and the timely response to customers. A service organization, like a manufacturer,
must make choices about the capacity, location, and layout of its facilities. Every
organization deals with suppliers of outside services and materials, as well as
scheduling problems. Matching staffing levels and capacities with forecasted
demands is a universal problem. Finally, the distinctions between manufacturing and
service organizations can get cloudy.
2. Anger is good for you, as long as you keep it below a boil, according to a new
psychology research based on face reading. People who respond to stressful
situations with short-term anger or indignation have a sense of control and optimism
that lacks in those who respond with fear. Therefore, in maddening situations in
which anger or indignation are justified, anger is not a bad idea, and the thinking
goes.
IV. Translation B (15 points)
Directions: Translate the following passages into English. Please write your version
in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. 二战后，日本开始重建时，政府选定汽车、钢材、化学品、造船及机械制造作为支持产
业。换句话说，日本的经济并非由自由竞争的市场经济来决定的。现在日本不像俄罗斯那样
完全是计划经济，日本经济远非如此。但是，日本确实有一套精心选定的目标和需要优先考
虑的事情，可以让政府和工业联手，来实现国家的宏观目标。因此，日本的汽车产业一直受
到政府的层层保护：政府提供贷款、加速折旧、资助研发、保护其不受进口产品影响以及禁
止外国投资。
2. 中国是风筝的故乡。 放风筝有益于健康， 所以， 许多国家十分流行放风筝。 中国人
不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于身体健康的体育活动， 也常常把风筝作为装饰挂在
墙上。 目前， 中国的风筝已经远销到日本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家， 受到了世界各
国人民的欢迎。 近年来， 山东潍坊每年都要举行国际风筝节。
V. Writing (15 points)
Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition on the topic Attending
TV PK Shows Does
(or Does no) good to Young People. You should write at least 150 words and you should
base your composition on the following instructions.
1)现在各种各样的电视选秀节目吸引了许多年轻人，
2)为了实现明星梦，一些年轻人甚至放弃了学业，
3)你的看法
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