要将连通与否的信息记录到网络数据库.由于 Linux 和 Windows 的网络接口实现
方式不同,你不得不写两个函数的版本.用 Java 就没有这样的顾虑.
同样的工作用 Python 实现如下:
import subprocess
cmd="cmd.exe"
begin=101
end=200
while begin
找到你保存的 a.py 文件,双击.也可以看到程序结果.Python 的程序能够直接运
行,对比 Java,这是一个优势.
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2.2 国际化支持
我们换一种方式来问候世界.新建一个编辑器并写如下代码:
print "欢迎来到奥运中国!"
raw_input("Press enter key to close this window");
在你保存代码的时候,Python 会提示你是否改变文件的字符集,结果如下:
# -*- coding: cp936 -*-
print "欢迎来到奥运中国!"
raw_input("Press enter key to close this window");
将该字符集改为我们更熟悉的形式:
# -*- coding: GBK -*-
print "欢迎来到奥运中国!" # 使用中文的例子
raw_input("Press enter key to close this window");
程序一样运行良好.
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2.3 方便易用的计算器
用微软附带的计算器来计数实在太麻烦了.打开 Python 解释器,直接进行计算:
a=100.0
b=201.1
c=2343
print (a+b+c)/c
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2.4 字符串,ASCII 和 UNICODE
可以如下打印出预定义输出格式的字符串:
print """
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to
"""
字符串是怎么访问的?请看这个例子:
word="abcdefg"
a=word[2]
print "a is: "+a
b=word[1:3]
print "b is: "+b # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c=word[:2]
print "c is: "+c # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d=word[0:]
print "d is: "+d # All elements of word.
e=word[:2]+word[2:]
print "e is: "+e # All elements of word.
f=word[-1]
print "f is: "+f # The last elements of word.
g=word[-4:-2]
print "g is: "+g # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h=word[-2:]
print "h is: "+h # The last two elements.
i=word[:-2]
print "i is: "+i # Everything except the last two characters
l=len(word)
print "Length of word is: "+ str(l)
请注意 ASCII 和 UNICODE 字符串的区别:
print "Input your Chinese name:"
s=raw_input("Press enter to be continued");
print "Your name is : " +s;
l=len(s)
print "Length of your Chinese name in asc codes is:"+str(l);
a=unicode(s,"GBK")
l=len(a)
print "I'm sorry we should use unicode char!Characters number of your
Chinese \
name in unicode is:"+str(l);
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2.5 使用 List
类似 Java 里的 List,这是一种方便易用的数据类型:
word=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
a=word[2]
print "a is: "+a
b=word[1:3]
print "b is: "
print b # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c=word[:2]
print "c is: "
print c # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d=word[0:]
print "d is: "
print d # All elements of word.
e=word[:2]+word[2:]
print "e is: "
print e # All elements of word.
f=word[-1]
print "f is: "
print f # The last elements of word.
g=word[-4:-2]
print "g is: "
print g # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h=word[-2:]
print "h is: "
print h # The last two elements.
i=word[:-2]
print "i is: "
print i # Everything except the last two characters
l=len(word)
print "Length of word is: "+ str(l)
print "Adds new element"
word.append('h')
print word
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2.6 条件和循环语句
# Multi-way decision
x=int(raw_input("Please enter an integer:"))
if x<0:
x=0
print "Negative changed to zero"
elif x==0:
print "Zero"
else:
print "More"
# Loops List
a = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
for x in a:
print x, len(x)
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2.7 如何定义函数
# Define and invoke function.
def sum(a,b):
return a+b
func = sum
r = func(5,6)
print r
# Defines function with default argument
def add(a,b=2):
return a+b
r=add(1)
print r
r=add(1,5)
print r
并且,介绍一个方便好用的函数:
# The range() function
a =range(5,10)
print a
a = range(-2,-7)
print a
a = range(-7,-2)
print a
a = range(-2,-11,-3) # The 3rd parameter stands for step
print a
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2.8 文件 I/O
spath="D:/download/baa.txt"
f=open(spath,"w") # Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't
exist.
f.write("First line 1.\n")
f.writelines("First line 2.")
f.close()
f=open(spath,"r") # Opens file for reading
for line in f:
print line
f.close()
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.9 异常处理
s=raw_input("Input your age:")
if s =="":
raise Exception("Input must no be empty.")
try:
i=int(s)
except ValueError:
print "Could not convert data to an integer."
except:
print "Unknown exception!"
else: # It is useful for code that must be executed if the try clause does
not raise an exception
print "You are %d" % i," years old"
finally: # Clean up action
print "Goodbye!"
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.10 类和继承
class Base:
def __init__(self):
self.data = []
def add(self, x):
self.data.append(x)
def addtwice(self, x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
# Child extends Base
class Child(Base):
def plus(self,a,b):
return a+b
oChild =Child()
oChild.add("str1")
print oChild.data
print oChild.plus(2,3)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
2.11 包机制
每一个.py 文件称为一个 module,module 之间可以互相导入.请参看以下例子:
# a.py
def add_func(a,b):
return a+b
# b.py
from a import add_func # Also can be : import a
print "Import add_func from module a"
print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: "
print add_func(1,2) # If using "import a" , then here should be
"a.add_func"
module 可以定义在包里面.Python 定义包的方式稍微有点古怪,假设我们有一个
parent 文件夹,该文件夹有一个 child 子文件夹.child 中有一个 module a.py .
如何让 Python 知道这个文件层次结构?很简单,每个目录都放一个名为
_init_.py 的文件.该文件内容可以为空.这个层次结构如下所示: parent
--__init_.py
--child
-- __init_.py
--a.py
b.py
那么 Python 如何找到我们定义的 module?在标准包 sys 中,path 属性记录了
Python 的包路径.你可以将之打印出来:
import sys
print sys.path
通常我们可以将 module 的包路径放到环境变量 PYTHONPATH 中,该环境变量会自
动添加到 sys.path 属性.另一种方便的方法是编程中直接指定我们的 module 路
径到 sys.path 中:
import sys
sys.path.append('D:\\download')
from parent.child.a import add_func
print sys.path
print "Import add_func from module a"
print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: "
print add_func(1,2)
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总结你会发现这个教程相当的简单.许多 Python 特性在代码中以隐含方式提出,
这些特性包括:Python 不需要显式声明数据类型,关键字说明,字符串函数的解
释等等.我认为一个熟练的程序员应该对这些概念相当了解,这样在你挤出宝贵
的一小时阅读这篇短短的教程之后,你能够通过已有知识的迁移类比尽快熟悉
Python,然后尽快能用它开始编程.