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Reflectarray Antennas-Theory,Designs and Applications-Payam Naye....pdf
Title Page
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Reflectarray Antennas
1.1 Reflectarray Concept
1.2 Reflectarray Developments
1.3 Overview of this Book
References
2 Analysis and Design of Reflectarray Elements
2.1 Phase‐Shift Distribution on the Reflectarray Aperture
2.2 Phase Tuning Approaches for Reflectarray Elements
2.3 Element Analysis Methods
2.4 Examples of Classic Reflectarray Elements
2.5 Reflectarray Element Characteristics and Design Considerations
2.6 Reflectarray Element Measurements
References
3 System Design and Aperture Efficiency Analysis
3.1 A General Feed Model
3.2 Aperture Efficiency
3.3 Aperture Blockage and Edge Diffraction
3.4 The Analogy between a Reflectarray and a Parabolic Reflector
References
4 Radiation Analysis Techniques
4.1 Array Theory Approach: The Robust Analysis Technique
4.2 Aperture Field Approach: The Classical Analysis Technique
4.3 Important Topics in Reflectarray Radiation Analysis
4.4 Full‐Wave Simulation Approaches
4.5 Numerical Examples
References
5 Bandwidth of Reflectarray Antennas
5.1 Bandwidth Constraints in Reflectarray Antennas
5.2 Reflectarray Element Bandwidth
5.3 Reflectarray System Bandwidth
References
6 Reflectarray Design Examples
6.1 A Ku‐band Reflectarray Antenna: A Step‐by‐Step Design Example
6.2 A Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Antenna using an Element Rotation Technique
6.3 Bandwidth Comparison of Reflectarray Designs using Different Elements
References
7 Broadband and Multiband Reflectarray Antennas
7.1 Broadband Reflectarray Design Topologies
7.2 Phase Synthesis for Broadband Operation
7.3 Multiband Reflectarray Designs
References
8 Terahertz, Infrared, and Optical Reflectarray Antennas
8.1 Above Microwave Frequencies
8.2 Material Characteristics at Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies
8.3 Element Losses at Infrared Frequencies
8.4 Reflectarray Design Methodologies and Enabling Technologies
8.5 Future Trends
References
9 Multi‐Beam and Shaped‐Beam Reflectarray Antennas
9.1 Direct Design Approaches for Multi‐Beam Reflectarrays
9.2 Synthesis Design Approaches for Shaped‐ and Multi‐Beam Reflectarrays
9.3 Practical Reflectarray Designs
References
10 Beam‐Scanning Reflectarray Antennas
10.1 Beam‐Scanning Approaches for Reflectarray Antennas
10.2 Feed‐Tuning Techniques
10.3 Aperture Phase‐Tuning Techniques
10.4 Frontiers in Beam‐Scanning Reflectarray Research
References
11 Reflectarray Engineering and Emerging Applications
11.1 Advanced Reflectarray Geometries
11.2 Reflectarrays for Satellite Applications
11.3 Power Combining and Amplifying Reflectarrays
11.4 A Perspective on Reflectarray Antennas
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Reflectarray Antennas
1.1 Reflectarray Concept
1.2 Reflectarray Developments
1.3 Overview of this Book
References
2 Analysis and Design of Reflectarray Elements
2.1 Phase Shift Distribution on the Reflectarray Aperture
2.2 Phase Tuning Approaches for Reflectarray Elements
2.3 Element Analysis Methods
2.4 Examples of Classic Reflectarray Elements
2.5 Reflectarray Element Characteristics and Design
Considerations
2.6 Reflectarray Element Measurements
References
3 System Design and Aperture Efficiency Analysis
3.1 A General Feed Model
3.2 Aperture Efficiency
3.3 Aperture Blockage and Edge Diffraction
3.4 The Analogy between a Reflectarray and a Parabolic
Reflector
References
4 Radiation Analysis Techniques
4.1 Array Theory Approach: The Robust Analysis Technique
4.2 Aperture Field Approach: The Classical Analysis Technique
4.3 Important Topics in Reflectarray Radiation Analysis
4.4 Full Wave Simulation Approaches
4.5 Numerical Examples
References
5 Bandwidth of Reflectarray Antennas
5.1 Bandwidth Constraints in Reflectarray Antennas
5.2 Reflectarray Element Bandwidth
5.3 Reflectarray System Bandwidth
References
6 Reflectarray Design Examples
6.1 A Ku band Reflectarray Antenna: A Step by Step Design
Example
6.2 A Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Antenna using an
Element Rotation Technique
6.3 Bandwidth Comparison of Reflectarray Designs using
Different Elements
References
7 Broadband and Multiband Reflectarray Antennas
7.1 Broadband Reflectarray Design Topologies
7.2 Phase Synthesis for Broadband Operation
7.3 Multiband Reflectarray Designs
References
8 Terahertz, Infrared, and Optical Reflectarray Antennas
8.1 Above Microwave Frequencies
8.2 Material Characteristics at Terahertz and Infrared
Frequencies
8.3 Element Losses at Infrared Frequencies
8.4 Reflectarray Design Methodologies and Enabling
Technologies
8.5 Future Trends
References
9 Multi Beam and Shaped Beam Reflectarray Antennas
9.1 Direct Design Approaches for Multi Beam Reflectarrays
9.2 Synthesis Design Approaches for Shaped and Multi Beam
Reflectarrays
9.3 Practical Reflectarray Designs
References
10 Beam Scanning Reflectarray Antennas
10.1 Beam Scanning Approaches for Reflectarray Antennas
10.2 Feed Tuning Techniques
10.3 Aperture Phase Tuning Techniques
10.4 Frontiers in Beam Scanning Reflectarray Research
References
11 Reflectarray Engineering and Emerging Applications
11.1 Advanced Reflectarray Geometries
11.2 Reflectarrays for Satellite Applications
11.3 Power Combining and Amplifying Reflectarrays
11.4 A Perspective on Reflectarray Antennas
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 Design parameters for the offset reflectarray and
reflector.
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Summary of reflectarray element performances.
Table 5.2 Summary of phase ranges at 13.5 GHz and element
bandwidth for the patch elements with different substrate
thicknesses.
Table 5.3 Summary of phase ranges at 13.5 GHz and element
bandwidth for the square loop elements with different substrate
thicknesses.
Table 5.4 Summary of phase ranges at 13.5 GHz and element
bandwidth for patch elements with different substrate
thickness.
Table 5.5 Summary of phase ranges at 13.5 GHz and element
bandwidth for the square loop elements with different trace
widths.
Table 5.6 Summary of phase ranges at 13.5 GHz and element
bandwidth for the cross dipole elements with different trace
widths.
Table 5.7 Summary of directivity and bandwidth for reflectarray
using the square patches.
Table 5.8 Summary of directivity and bandwidth for
reflectarray using the square loops.
Table 5.9 Summary of directivity and bandwidth for reflectarray
using the cross dipoles.
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 Design parameters for the offset reflectarray and
reflector.
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 Phase range of reflectarray elements at 32 GHz.
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Calculated radiation characteristics of the single and
quad beam reflectarrays.
Table 9.2 Design requirements of quad beam reflectarrays
(beam directions and normalized gain levels).
Table 9.3 Measured gain of the asymmetric multi beam
reflectarray prototype.
Table 9.4 Measured beam performance across the band for the
prototype.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Measured gain of the beam scanning reflectarray
prototypes.
Table 10.2 Key characteristics of some electronic devices used
in reconfigurable reflectarrays.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Change in radiation performance of conformal
cylindrical reflectarrays with D/Rc = 1.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 The geometry of an offset fed reflectarray antenna.
Figure 1.2 The first reflectarray antenna using waveguide
technology.
Figure 1.3 The number of articles on reflectarray antennas
published in IEEE. Data obtained from IEEE Xplore on April 1,
2016.
Figure 1.4 Organization of this reflectarray book.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Typical geometry of a planar reflectarray antenna.
Figure 2.2 Typical geometrical parameters of a planar
reflectarray antenna.
Figure 2.3 Grid layout of the unit cells of a reflectarray antenna
with circular aperture.
Figure 2.4 Phases on the aperture with a centered feed and
broadside beam: (a) spatial delay, (b) progressive phase, (c)
phase distribution on the reflectarray antenna, and (d) phase
distribution on the continuous aperture.
Figure 2.5 Phases on the aperture with an offset feed and an off
broadside beam: (a) spatial delay, (b) progressive phase, (c)
phase distribution on the reflectarray antenna, and (d) phase
distribution on the continuous aperture.
Figure 2.6 Schematic models of reflectarray patch elements
with attached phase/time delay lines of two different lengths.
Figure 2.7 Schematic models of variable size reflectarray square
patch elements of two different sizes.
Figure 2.8 A typical S curve for variable size reflectarray
elements.
Figure 2.9 A 3D schematic model of a CP reflectarray element.
Figure 2.10 A schematic model of a CP reflectarray element
showing the reference element with 0° phase shift (left) and the
ψ rotated element with 2ψ phase shift (right).
Figure 2.11 A unit cell analysis setup: (a) 3D model in Ansys
HFSS, (b) vector electric fields of the Floquet port excitation.
Figure 2.12 A metallic waveguide simulator: (a) 3D model in
Ansys HFSS and (b) vector electric fields of the wave port
excitation.
Figure 2.13 The circuit model for the unit cell of a reflectarray
antenna.
Figure 2.14 The angle of incidence as a function of frequency in
the standard X band waveguide.
Figure 2.15 Comparison between the reflection coefficients of
an X band square patch reflectarray element using a waveguide
simulator and a PBC model with Floquet port excitation: (a)
phase, (b) magnitude.
Figure 2.16 Comparison between the reflection coefficients of
an X band square patch reflectarray element using a circuit
model and a PBC model with Flouqet port excitation: (a) phase,
(b) magnitude.
Figure 2.17 A Ka band microstrip patch antenna array element:
(a) 3D model of the element, (b) magnitude of reflection
coefficient across the band.
Figure 2.18 A Ka band microstrip reflectarray element with
attached phase delay line stubs modeled in Ansys HFSS.
Figure 2.19 Reflection coefficient of the Ka band microstrip
reflectarray element as a function of the phase delay line length:
(a) phase, (b) magnitude.
Figure 2.20 Magnitude of surface currents (|Jx| in A/mm) on
the unit cells: (a) inset fed microstrip patch element, (b)
reflectarray element with open circuit stub.
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