f (x) a
b
lim
lim sin f (x) sin a (
)
xa
x a
xa
x a
bsin a
bcosa
b sin f (a)
b cos f(a)
lim sin f (x) sin a lim sin f (x) sin a f (x) a cos f (x)
b b cos f (a)
x a
x
a
x
a
f (x) a
x a
xa
f (x) u
lim
sin f (x) sin a
= lim
sinu sin a cosu
cos f (a)
xa
f (x) a
u f
(a)
u a
u f (a)
sin f (x) sin a lim
sin f (x) sin a f (x) a lim
sin f (x) sin a lim f (x) a
lim
xa
x a
x
a
f (x) a
x a
xa
f (x) a
=bcosa
x a
x
a
f (x)
1
ex1 ln 1 x
(ex 1)(x 2)
f (x0 ), f (x0 )
f (x)
x 1, x 0, x 1, x 2
x 1
lim
x1
f (x) , lim
x1
f (x)
x 0
f (x) lim
x0+
f (x)=
1
2e
lim
x
0
1
lim ex1 0
x 1
x 2
x1
lim
x2
1
lim ex1 lim f (x) 0
x1
x1
lim f (x)
x1+
f (x) lim
x2+
f (x) +
f (x)
(, )
cos f (t) f (t)dt
x
0
cos f (t) f (t)dt
x
0
x
0
x
0
cos f (t) f (t)dt
cos f (t) f (t)dt
f (x)
f (x)
cos x
cos f (x) cos f (x)
cos f (x)
cos f (x) f (x)
cos f (x) cos f (x)
f (x)
cos f (x) f (x)
A
C D
f (x)
na (x 2)n
n
n1
(2,6)
a (x 1)2n
n
n1
B
a (x 2)2n
n
n1
(n 1)an1
nan
lim
n
lim
n
a
(x 1)2n 2
a
lim n1 (x 1)2 1
n a
n
lim n1
lim
n a (x 1)2n
n
an1
an
n
na (x 2)n
n
n
n 1 an1
1 lim
an
n
an1
an
n 4
(2,6)
1
an1
lim
an
n 4
(x 1)2n
1
(x 1)2 1
3 x 1
B
A (aij )
a12
A12 0 α1 ,α2 ,α3 ,α4
A
A*
A
A* x 0
x k1α1 k2α2 k3α3
x k1α1 k2α3 k3α4
x k1α1 k2α2 k3α4
x k1α2 k2α3 k3α4
A (a )
ij
A 0
r(A) 4
A 0
A* O
12
α ,α ,α
1 3 4
r( A) 3
r(A* ) 1
A* x 0
A* A A E O
A
A* x 0
x k α k α k α
1 1
2 3
3 4
A
1
α1,α2 A
1
P
P1 AP 0
(α1 α3 ,α2 ,α3 )
(α1 α3 ,α3 ,α2 )
α3
A
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
P
(α1 α2 ,α2 ,α3 )
(α1 α2 ,α3 ,α2 )
α3
α1 α2 ,α2
1
1
A, B, C
1
12
0
0
1
1
,PAB 0,PAC PBC
4
A
A
1
α1,α2
1
α3
P (α1 α2 ,α3 ,α2 )
1
P1 AP 0
0
0
1
0
PA PB PC
3
4
2
3
2
1
5
12
P( ABC) P( ABC) P( ABC)
P(AI
B UC) P(B I
AUC) P(C I
A U B)
P( A) P( AB) P( AC) P( ABC) P(B) P( AB) P(BC) P( ABC)
P(C) P(AC) P(BC) P(ABC)
ABC AB
1
12
1
4
P( ABC) P( AB) 0
1 1 1 5
1 1
4
12
4
12
12
12
X ,Y
1
X
N0,0;1,4;
2
5 X Y
5
5 X Y
5
3 X Y
3
3 X Y
3
X ~ N (0,1)
D(X Y) DX DY 2XY
Y ~ N (0,4) XY
DX DY
3
X Y ~ N(0,3)
X Y ~ N (0,1)
3
3
1
2
cov(X , X Y) cov(X , X ) cov(X ,Y ) DX XY
DX DY
0
X
X Y
3
3
z arctanxy sin(x y)
dz
(0,π)
dz
(0,π)
(π 1)dx dy
dz
dx
y cos(x y)
1 xy sin(x y)
2
, dz
dy
x cos(x y)
1 xy sin(x y)
2
x 0, y π
dz
(0,π)
(π 1)dx dy
x y e2 xy 0
(0,1)
y x 1
x y e2 xy 0
x
dy
1+
+e2 xy (2 y 2x
dx
dy
) 0
x 0, y 1
dx
dy
1
y x 1 dx
Q
P
C(Q) 100 13Q
Q(P)
Q 8
Q(P)
800
2
P
800
3
P 3
Q 2
L(Q)
800
dL(Q)
1600
16
dL(Q)
0
Q 8
Q 2
3Q (100 13Q)
dQ
(Q 2)2
dQ
d2 L(Q)
dQ2
3200
(Q 2)3
0
D
(x, y)
x
y
2
,0 x 1
1
1 x2
D y
π(ln 2
1
)
3
1
800
2
P 3