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Think Julia.pdf

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    Preface
    Why Julia?
    Who Is This Book For?
    Conventions Used in This Book
    Using Code Examples
    O’Reilly Online Learning
    How to Contact Us
    Acknowledgments
    Contributor List
    1. The Way of the Program
    What Is a Program?
    Running Julia
    The First Program
    Arithmetic Operators
    Values and Types
    Formal and Natural Languages
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    2. Variables, Expressions, and Statements
    Assignment Statements
    Variable Names
    Expressions and Statements
    Script Mode
    Operator Precedence
    String Operations
    Comments
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    3. Functions
    Function Calls
    Math Functions
    Composition
    Adding New Functions
    Definitions and Uses
    Flow of Execution
    Parameters and Arguments
    Variables and Parameters Are Local
    Stack Diagrams
    Fruitful Functions and Void Functions
    Why Functions?
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    4. Case Study: Interface Design
    Turtles
    Simple Repetition
    Exercises
    Encapsulation
    Generalization
    Interface Design
    Refactoring
    A Development Plan
    Docstring
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    5. Conditionals and Recursion
    Floor Division and Modulus
    Boolean Expressions
    Logical Operators
    Conditional Execution
    Alternative Execution
    Chained Conditionals
    Nested Conditionals
    Recursion
    Stack Diagrams for Recursive Functions
    Infinite Recursion
    Keyboard Input
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    6. Fruitful Functions
    Return Values
    Incremental Development
    Composition
    Boolean Functions
    More Recursion
    Leap of Faith
    One More Example
    Checking Types
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    7. Iteration
    Reassignment
    Updating Variables
    The while Statement
    break
    continue
    Square Roots
    Algorithms
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    8. Strings
    Characters
    A String Is a Sequence
    length
    Traversal
    String Slices
    Strings Are Immutable
    String Interpolation
    Searching
    Looping and Counting
    String Library
    The ∈ Operator
    String Comparison
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    9. Case Study: Word Play
    Reading Word Lists
    Exercises
    Search
    Looping with Indices
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    10. Arrays
    An Array Is a Sequence
    Arrays Are Mutable
    Traversing an Array
    Array Slices
    Array Library
    Map, Filter, and Reduce
    Dot Syntax
    Deleting (Inserting) Elements
    Arrays and Strings
    Objects and Values
    Aliasing
    Array Arguments
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    11. Dictionaries
    A Dictionary Is a Mapping
    Dictionaries as Collections of Counters
    Looping and Dictionaries
    Reverse Lookup
    Dictionaries and Arrays
    Memos
    Global Variables
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    12. Tuples
    Tuples Are Immutable
    Tuple Assignment
    Tuples as Return Values
    Variable-Length Argument Tuples
    Arrays and Tuples
    Dictionaries and Tuples
    Sequences of Sequences
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    13. Case Study: Data Structure Selection
    Word Frequency Analysis
    Random Numbers
    Word Histogram
    Most Common Words
    Optional Parameters
    Dictionary Subtraction
    Random Words
    Markov Analysis
    Data Structures
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    14. Files
    Persistence
    Reading and Writing
    Formatting
    Filenames and Paths
    Catching Exceptions
    Databases
    Serialization
    Command Objects
    Modules
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    15. Structs and Objects
    Composite Types
    Structs Are Immutable
    Mutable Structs
    Rectangles
    Instances as Arguments
    Instances as Return Values
    Copying
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    16. Structs and Functions
    Time
    Pure Functions
    Modifiers
    Prototyping Versus Planning
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    17. Multiple Dispatch
    Type Declarations
    Methods
    Additional Examples
    Constructors
    show
    Operator Overloading
    Multiple Dispatch
    Generic Programming
    Interface and Implementation
    Debugging
    Glossary
    Exercises
    18. Subtyping
    Cards
    Global Variables
    Comparing Cards
    Unit Testing
    Decks
    Add, Remove, Shuffle, and Sort
    Abstract Types and Subtyping
    Abstract Types and Functions
    Type Diagrams
    Debugging
    Data Encapsulation
    Glossary
    Exercises
    19. The Goodies: Syntax
    Named Tuples
    Functions
    Blocks
    Control Flow
    Types
    Methods
    Constructors
    Conversion and Promotion
    Metaprogramming
    Missing Values
    Calling C and Fortran Code
    Glossary
    20. The Goodies: Base and Standard Library
    Measuring Performance
    Collections and Data Structures
    Mathematics
    Strings
    Arrays
    Interfaces
    Interactive Utilities
    Debugging
    Glossary
    21. Debugging
    Syntax Errors
    Runtime Errors
    Semantic Errors
    A. Unicode Input
    B. JuliaBox
    Index
    Think Julia How to Think Like a Computer Scientist Ben Lauwens and Allen B. Downey
    Think Julia by Ben Lauwens and Allen B. Downey Copyright © 2019 Ben Lauwens and Allen Downey. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Jonathan Hassell and Melissa Potter Production Editor: Christopher Faucher Copyeditor: Rachel Head Proofreader: Christina Edwards Indexer: Angela Howard Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest April 2019: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition 2019-04-05: First Release
    See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781492045038 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Think Julia, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The views expressed in this work are those of the authors, and do not represent the publisher’s views. While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-492-04503-8 [GP]
    Dedication For Emeline, Arnaud, and Tibo.
    Preface In January 2018 I started the preparation of a programming course targeting students without programming experience. I wanted to use Julia, but I found that there existed no book with the purpose of learning to program with Julia as the first programming language. There are wonderful tutorials that explain Julia’s key concepts, but none of them pay sufficient attention to learning how to think like a programmer. I knew the book Think Python by Allen Downey, which contains all the key ingredients to learn to program properly. However, this book was based on the Python programming language. My first draft of the course notes was a melting pot of all kinds of reference works, but the longer I worked on it, the more the content started to resemble the chapters of Think Python. Soon, the idea of developing my course notes as a port of that book to Julia came to fruition. All the material was available as Jupyter notebooks in a GitHub repository. After I posted a message on the Julia Discourse site about the progress of my course, the feedback was overwhelming. A book about basic programming concepts with Julia as the first programming language was apparently a missing link in the Julia universe. I contacted Allen to ask if I could start an official port of Think Python to Julia, and his answer was immediate: “Go for it!” He put me in touch with his editor at O’Reilly Media, and a year later I was putting the finishing touches on this book. It was a bumpy ride. In August 2018 Julia v1.0 was released, and like all my fellow Julia programmers I had to do a migration of the code. All the examples in the book were tested during the conversion of the source files to O’Reilly-compatible AsciiDoc files. Both the toolchain and the example code had to be made Julia v1.0–compliant. Luckily, there are no lectures to give in August….
    I hope you enjoy working with this book, and that it helps you learn to program and think like a computer scientist, at least a little bit. Ben Lauwens Why Julia? Julia was originally released in 2012 by Alan Edelman, Stefan Karpinski, Jeff Bezanson, and Viral Shah. It is a free and open source programming language. Choosing a programming language is always subjective. For me, the following characteristics of Julia are decisive: Julia is developed as a high-performance programming language. Julia uses multiple dispatch, which allows the programmer to choose from different programming patterns adapted to the application. Julia is a dynamically typed language that can easily be used interactively. Julia has a nice high-level syntax that is easy to learn. Julia is an optionally typed programming language whose (user- defined) data types make the code clearer and more robust. Julia has an extended standard library and numerous third-party packages are available. Julia is a unique programming language because it solves the so-called “two languages problem.” No other programming language is needed to write high-performance code. This does not mean it happens automatically. It is the responsibility of the programmer to optimize the code that forms a bottleneck, but this can done in Julia itself.
    Who Is This Book For? This book is for anyone who wants to learn to program. No formal prior knowledge is required. New concepts are introduced gradually and more advanced topics are described in later chapters. Think Julia can be used for a one-semester course at the high school or college level. Conventions Used in This Book The following typographical conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions. Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords. Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context. This element signifies a tip or suggestion. TIP C o n s t a n t w i d t h C o n s t a n t w i d t h b o l d C o n s t a n t w i d t h i t a l i c
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