2002 年上海华东师范大学中国史学史考研真题
一、名词解释∶(每道 5 分,共八道 40 分)
裴松之
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国史馆
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通鉴纲目
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公羊三世说
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瀛环志略
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广学会
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史讳举例
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张荫麟
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二、试据以下材料,评说方孝孺的"正统"观。(20 分)
尝试论之曰∶天下有正统一,变统三。三代,正统也。如汉如唐如宋, 虽不敢几乎三代,
然其主皆有恤民之心,则亦圣人之徒也,附之以正统,亦 孔子与齐桓仁管仲之意欤!奚谓变
统?取之不以正,如晋宋齐梁之君,使全 有天下,亦不可为正矣。守之不以仁义,戕虐乎生
民,如秦与隋,使传数百 年,亦不可为正矣。
举有天下者,皆谓之正统,则人将以正统可以智力得,而不务修德矣, 其弊至于使人骄肆
而不知戒。举三代而下皆不谓之正统,则人将以正统非后 世所能及,而不勉于为善矣,其
弊至于使人懈怠而无所劝。其有天下同也, 惟其或归诸正统,或归诸变统,而不可必得,
故贤主有所劝,而奸雄暴君不 敢萌陵上虐民之心。故正统亦处其常,而参以变统,然后其
变可得而尽也。 所贵乎为君者,岂谓其有天下哉?以其建道德之中,立仁义之极,操政 教
之原,有以过乎天下也。有以过乎天下,斯可以为正统。不然,非其所据 而据之,是则变
也;以变为正,奚若以变为变之美乎。正统之君,非吾贵之 也,变统之君,非吾贱之也。贤
者得民心,得民心,民斯尊之矣;民尊之, 则天与之矣,安得不贵之乎?非其类,无其德,
民必恶之。当时恶之,后世 以其位而尊之,则违乎天矣,故不得不贱之也。贵不特于其身,
而又延及于 子孙,虽其愚不肖,苟未至于亡国,犹尊之以正统之礼。贱不特于其身,而 其
子孙虽有贤知之才,亦不能掩其恶。
——明 方孝孺《释统》
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三、问答题∶(每道 20 分,共二道 40 分)
1、简述古代编年体史书的发展及其特点。
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2、试论"社会史论战"在中国现代史学发展中的作用和意义。
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