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ESSENTIALS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES THIRD EDITION computer science/programming languages Essentials of Programming Languages third edition Daniel P. Friedman and Mitchell Wand This book provides students with a deep, working understanding of the essential concepts of program- ming languages. Most of these essentials relate to the semantics, or meaning, of program elements, and the text uses interpreters (short programs that directly analyze an abstract representation of the program text) to express the semantics of many essential language elements in a way that is both clear and executable. The approach is both analytical and hands-on. The book provides views of program- ming languages using widely varying levels of abstraction, maintaining a clear connection between the high-level and low-level views. Exercises are a vital part of the text and are scattered throughout; the text explains the key concepts, and the exercises explore alternative designs and other issues. The complete Scheme code for all the interpreters and analyzers in the book can be found online through The MIT Press website. For this new edition, each chapter has been revised and many new exercises have been added. Significant additions have been made to the text, including completely new chapters on modules and continuation-passing style. Essentials of Programming Languages can be used for both graduate and un- dergraduate courses, and for continuing education courses for programmers. Daniel P. Friedman is Professor of Computer Science at Indiana University and is the author of many books published by The MIT Press, including The Little Schemer (fourth edition, 1995), The Seasoned Schemer (1995), A Little Java, A Few Patterns (1997), each of these coauthored with Matthias Felleisen, and The Reasoned Schemer (2005), coauthored with William E. Byrd and Oleg Kiselyov. Mitchell Wand is Professor of Computer Science at Northeastern University. “With lucid prose and elegant code, this book provides the most concrete introduction to the few build- ing blocks that give rise to a wide variety of programming languages. I recommend it to my students and look forward to using it in my courses.” —Chung-chieh Shan, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University “Having taught from EOPL for several years, I appreciate the way it produces students who understand the terminology and concepts of programming languages in a deep way, not just from reading about the concepts, but from programming them and experimenting with them. This new edition has an increased emphasis on types as contracts for defining procedure interfaces, which is quite important for many students.” —Gary T. Leavens, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida “I’ve found the interpreters-based approach for teaching programming languages to be both compelling and rewarding for my students. Exposing students to the revelation that an interpreter for a program- ming language is itself just another program opens up a world of possibilities for problem solving. The third edition of Essentials of Programming Languages makes this approach of writing interpreters more accessible than ever.” —Marc L. Smith, Department of Computer Science, Vassar College E S S E N T I A L S O F I P R O G R A M M N G L A N G U A G E S T H I R D E D I T I O N F r i e d m a n a n d W a n d The MIT Press Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 http://mitpress.mit.edu 978-0-262-06279-4 Daniel P. Friedman and Mitchell Wand M D D A L I M 9 5 5 4 7 2 3 / 2 2 / 0 8 C Y A N M A G Y E L O B L A C K
Essentials of Programming Languages third edition
Essentials of Programming Languages third edition Daniel P. Friedman Mitchell Wand The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
© 2008 Daniel P. Friedman and Mitchell Wand All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book was set in LATEX 2ε by the authors, and was printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friedman, Daniel P. Essentials of programming languages / Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand. —3rd ed. cm. p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-06279-4 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Programming Languages (Electronic computers). I. Wand, Mitchell. II. Title. QA76.7.F73 2008 005.1—dc22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2007039723
Contents Foreword by Hal Abelson Preface Acknowledgments 1 Inductive Sets of Data 1.1 Recursively Specified Data 1.2 Deriving Recursive Programs 1.3 Auxiliary Procedures and Context Arguments 1.4 Exercises 2 Data Abstraction 2.1 Specifying Data via Interfaces 2.2 Representation Strategies for Data Types 2.3 Interfaces for Recursive Data Types 2.4 A Tool for Defining Recursive Data Types 2.5 Abstract Syntax and Its Representation 3 Expressions 3.1 Specification and Implementation Strategy 3.2 LET: A Simple Language 3.3 PROC: A Language with Procedures 3.4 LETREC: A Language with Recursive Procedures 3.5 Scoping and Binding of Variables 3.6 Eliminating Variable Names 3.7 Implementing Lexical Addressing ix xv xxi 1 1 12 22 25 31 31 35 42 45 51 57 57 60 74 82 87 91 93
vi Contents 4 State 4.1 Computational Effects 4.2 EXPLICIT-REFS: A Language with Explicit References 4.3 IMPLICIT-REFS: A Language with Implicit References 4.4 MUTABLE-PAIRS: A Language with Mutable Pairs 4.5 Parameter-Passing Variations 5 Continuation-Passing Interpreters 5.1 A Continuation-Passing Interpreter 5.2 A Trampolined Interpreter 5.3 An Imperative Interpreter 5.4 Exceptions 5.5 Threads 6 Continuation-Passing Style 6.1 Writing Programs in Continuation-Passing Style 6.2 Tail Form 6.3 Converting to Continuation-Passing Style 6.4 Modeling Computational Effects 7 Types 7.1 Values and Their Types 7.2 Assigning a Type to an Expression 7.3 CHECKED: A Type-Checked Language 7.4 INFERRED: A Language with Type Inference 8 Modules 8.1 The Simple Module System 8.2 Modules That Declare Types 8.3 Module Procedures 9 Objects and Classes 9.1 Object-Oriented Programming 9.2 Inheritance 9.3 The Language 9.4 The Interpreter 9.5 A Typed Language 9.6 The Type Checker 103 103 104 113 124 130 139 141 155 160 171 179 193 193 203 212 226 233 235 238 240 248 275 276 292 311 325 326 329 334 336 352 358
Contents A For Further Reading B The SLLGEN Parsing System B.1 Scanning B.2 Parsing B.3 Scanners and Parsers in SLLGEN Bibliography Index vii 373 379 379 382 383 393 401
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