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Programming C# 5.0-Building Windows 8 无水印pdf.pdf

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    Cover
    Copyright
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Who This Book Is For
    Conventions Used in This Book
    Using Code Examples
    Safari® Books Online
    How to Contact Us
    Acknowledgments
    1. Introducing C#
    Why C#?
    Why Not C#?
    C#'s Defining Features
    Managed Code and the CLR
    Generality Trumps Specialization
    Asynchronous Programming
    Visual Studio
    Anatomy of a Simple Program
    Adding a Project to an Existing Solution
    Referencing One Project from Another
    Writing a Unit Test
    Namespaces
    Classes
    Program Entry Point
    Unit Tests
    Summary
    2. Basic Coding in C#
    Local Variables
    Scope
    Statements and Expressions
    Statements
    Expressions
    Comments and Whitespace
    Preprocessing Directives
    Compilation Symbols
    #error and #warning
    #line
    #pragma
    #region and #endregion
    Intrinsic Data Types
    Numeric Types
    Booleans
    Strings and Characters
    Object
    Operators
    Flow Control
    Boolean Decisions with if Statements
    Multiple Choice with switch Statements
    Loops: while and do
    C-Style for Loops
    Collection Iteration with foreach Loops
    Summary
    3. Types
    Classes
    Static Members
    Static Classes
    Reference Types
    Structs
    When to Write a Value Type
    Members
    Fields
    Constructors
    Methods
    Properties
    Indexers
    Operators
    Events
    Nested Types
    Interfaces
    Enums
    Other Types
    Anonymous Types
    Partial Types and Methods
    Summary
    4. Generics
    Generic Types
    Constraints
    Type Constraints
    Reference Type Constraints
    Value Type Constraints
    Multiple Constraints
    Zero-Like Values
    Generic Methods
    Type Inference
    Inside Generics
    Summary
    5. Collections
    Arrays
    Array Initialization
    Variable Argument Count with the params Keyword
    Searching and Sorting
    Multidimensional Arrays
    Copying and Resizing
    List
    List and Sequence Interfaces
    Implementing Lists and Sequences
    Iterators
    Collection
    ReadOnlyCollection
    Dictionaries
    Sorted Dictionaries
    Sets
    Queues and Stacks
    Linked Lists
    Concurrent Collections
    Tuples
    Summary
    6. Inheritance
    Inheritance and Conversions
    Interface Inheritance
    Generics
    Covariance and Contravariance
    System.Object
    The Ubiquitous Methods of object
    Accessibility and Inheritance
    Virtual Methods
    Abstract Methods
    Sealed Methods and Classes
    Accessing Base Members
    Inheritance and Construction
    Special Base Types
    Summary
    7. Object Lifetime
    Garbage Collection
    Determining Reachability
    Accidentally Defeating the Garbage Collector
    Weak References
    Reclaiming Memory
    Garbage Collector Modes
    Accidentally Defeating Compaction
    Forcing Garbage Collections
    Destructors and Finalization
    Critical Finalizers
    IDisposable
    Optional Disposal
    Boxing
    Boxing Nullable
    Summary
    8. Exceptions
    Exception Sources
    Exceptions from APIs
    Exceptions from Your Code
    Failures Detected by the Runtime
    Handling Exceptions
    Exception Objects
    Multiple catch Blocks
    Nested try Blocks
    finally Blocks
    Throwing Exceptions
    Rethrowing Exceptions
    Failing Fast
    Exception Types
    Custom Exceptions
    Unhandled Exceptions
    Debugging and Exceptions
    Asynchronous Exceptions
    Summary
    9. Delegates, Lambdas, and Events
    Delegate Types
    Creating a Delegate
    Multicast Delegates
    Invoking a Delegate
    Common Delegate Types
    Type Compatibility
    Behind the Syntax
    Inline Methods
    Captured Variables
    Lambdas and Expression Trees
    Events
    Standard Event Delegate Pattern
    Custom Add and Remove Methods
    Events and the Garbage Collector
    Events Versus Delegates
    Delegates Versus Interfaces
    Summary
    10. LINQ
    Query Expressions
    How Query Expressions Expand
    Supporting Query Expressions
    Deferred Evaluation
    LINQ, Generics, and IQueryable
    Standard LINQ Operators
    Filtering
    Select
    SelectMany
    Ordering
    Containment Tests
    Specific Items and Subranges
    Aggregation
    Set Operations
    Whole-Sequence, Order-Preserving Operations
    Grouping
    Joins
    Conversion
    Sequence Generation
    Other LINQ Implementations
    Entity Framework
    LINQ to SQL
    WCF Data Services Client
    Parallel LINQ (PLINQ)
    LINQ to XML
    Reactive Extensions
    Summary
    11. Reactive Extensions
    Rx and .NET Versions
    Fundamental Interfaces
    IObserver
    IObservable
    Publishing and Subscribing with Delegates
    Creating an Observable Source with Delegates
    Subscribing to an Observable Source with Delegates
    Sequence Builders
    Empty
    Never
    Return
    Throw
    Range
    Repeat
    Generate
    LINQ Queries
    Grouping Operators
    Join Operators
    SelectMany Operator
    Aggregation and Other Single-Value Operators
    Concat Operator
    Rx Query Operators
    Merge
    Windowing Operators
    The Scan Operator
    The Amb Operator
    DistinctUntilChanged
    Schedulers
    Specifying Schedulers
    Built-in Schedulers
    Subjects
    Subject
    BehaviorSubject
    ReplaySubject
    AsyncSubject
    Adaptation
    IEnumerable
    .NET Events
    Asynchronous APIs
    Timed Operations
    Interval
    Timer
    Timestamp
    TimeInterval
    Throttle
    Sample
    Timeout
    Windowing Operators
    Delay
    DelaySubscription
    Summary
    12. Assemblies
    Visual Studio and Assemblies
    Anatomy of an Assembly
    .NET Metadata
    Resources
    Multifile Assemblies
    Other PE Features
    Type Identity
    Loading Assemblies
    Explicit Loading
    The Global Assembly Cache
    Assembly Names
    Strong Names
    Version
    Culture
    Processor Architecture
    Portable Class Libraries
    Packaged Deployment
    Windows 8 UI–Style Apps
    ClickOnce and XBAP
    Silverlight and Windows Phone Apps
    Protection
    Summary
    13. Reflection
    Reflection Types
    Assembly
    Module
    MemberInfo
    Type and TypeInfo
    MethodBase, ConstructorInfo, and MethodInfo
    ParameterInfo
    FieldInfo
    PropertyInfo
    EventInfo
    Reflection Contexts
    Summary
    14. Dynamic Typing
    The dynamic Type
    dynamic and Interoperability
    Silverlight and Scriptable Objects
    Dynamic .NET Languages
    Inside Dynamic
    Restrictions on the dynamic Type
    Custom Dynamic Objects
    ExpandoObject
    Limitations of dynamic
    Summary
    15. Attributes
    Applying Attributes
    Attribute Targets
    Compiler-Handled Attributes
    CLR-Handled Attributes
    Defining and Consuming Custom Attributes
    Attribute Type
    Retrieving Attributes
    Summary
    16. Files and Streams
    The Stream Class
    Position and Seeking
    Flushing
    Copying
    Length
    Disposal
    Asynchronous Operation
    Concrete Stream Types
    Windows 8 and IRandomAccessStream
    Text-Oriented Types
    TextReader and TextWriter
    Concrete Reader and Writer Types
    Encoding
    Files and Directories
    FileStream Class
    File Class
    Directory Class
    Path Class
    FileInfo, DirectoryInfo, and FileSystemInfo
    Known Folders
    Serialization
    BinaryReader and BinaryWriter
    CLR Serialization
    Data Contract Serialization
    XmlSerializer
    Summary
    17. Multithreading
    Threads
    Threads, Variables, and Shared State
    The Thread Class
    The Thread Pool
    Thread Affinity and SynchronizationContext
    Synchronization
    Monitors and the lock Keyword
    SpinLock
    Reader/Writer Locks
    Event Objects
    Barrier
    CountdownEvent
    Semaphores
    Mutex
    Interlocked
    Lazy Initialization
    Other Class Library Concurrency Support
    Tasks
    The Task and Task Classes
    Continuations
    Schedulers
    Error Handling
    Custom Threadless Tasks
    Parent/Child Relationships
    Composite Tasks
    Other Asynchronous Patterns
    Cancellation
    Parallelism
    The Parallel Class
    Parallel LINQ
    TPL Dataflow
    Summary
    18. Asynchronous Language Features
    Asynchronous Keywords: async and await
    Execution and Synchronization Contexts
    Multiple Operations and Loops
    Returning a Task
    Applying async to Nested Methods
    The await Pattern
    Error Handling
    Validating Arguments
    Singular and Multiple Exceptions
    Concurrent Operations and Missed Exceptions
    Summary
    19. XAML
    XAML-Based Frameworks
    WPF
    Silverlight
    Windows Phone 7
    Windows Runtime and Windows 8 UI–Style Apps
    XAML Basics
    XAML and XML Namespaces
    Generated Classes and Codebehind
    Child Elements
    Property Elements
    Event Handling
    Threading
    Layout
    Properties
    Panels
    ScrollViewer
    Layout Events
    Controls
    Content Controls
    Slider and ScrollBar Controls
    Progress Controls
    List Controls
    Control Templates
    UserControls
    Text
    Displaying Text
    Editing Text
    Data Binding
    Data Templates
    Graphics
    Shapes
    Bitmaps
    Media
    Styles
    Summary
    20. ASP.NET
    Razor
    Expressions
    Flow Control
    Code Blocks
    Explicitly Indicated Content
    Page Classes and Objects
    Using Other Components
    Layout Pages
    Start Pages
    Web Forms
    Server-Side Controls
    Expressions
    Code Blocks
    Standard Page Objects
    Page Classes and Objects
    Using Other Components
    Master Pages
    MVC
    Typical MVC Project Layout
    Writing Models
    Writing Views
    Writing Controllers
    Handling Additional Input
    Generating Action Links
    Routing
    Summary
    21. Interoperability
    Calling Native Code
    Marshaling
    32-bit and 64-bit
    Safe Handles
    Security
    Platform Invoke
    Calling Convention
    Text Handling
    Entry Point Name
    COM-Style Return Values
    Win32 Error Handling
    COM
    RCW Lifetime
    Metadata
    Scripting
    Windows Runtime
    Metadata
    Windows Runtime Types
    Buffers
    Unsafe Code
    C++/CLI and the Component Extensions
    Summary
    Index
    About the Author
    Programming C# 5.0 Ian Griffiths
    Programming C# 5.0 by Ian Griffiths Copyright © 2013 Ian Griffiths. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Rachel Roumeliotis Production Editor: Kristen Borg Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan Proofreader: Linley Dolby Indexer: Ellen Troutman Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest October 2012: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition: 2012-10-10 First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449320416 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Programming C# 5.0, the image of an African crowned crane, and related trade dress are trade­ marks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade­ mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-32041-6 [LSI]
    I dedicate this book to my excellent wife Deborah, and to my wonderful daughter, Hazel, who arrived while this book was a work in progress.
    Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii 1. Introducing C#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Why C#? 1 Why Not C#? 3 C#’s Defining Features 5 Managed Code and the CLR 7 Generality Trumps Specialization 9 Asynchronous Programming 10 Visual Studio 10 Anatomy of a Simple Program 13 Adding a Project to an Existing Solution 15 Referencing One Project from Another 15 Writing a Unit Test 17 Namespaces 20 Classes 24 Program Entry Point 25 Unit Tests 26 Summary 27 2. Basic Coding in C#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Local Variables 30 Scope 35 Statements and Expressions 39 Statements 39 Expressions 40 Comments and Whitespace 46 Preprocessing Directives 48 Compilation Symbols 48 #error and #warning 49 v
    #line 50 #pragma 50 #region and #endregion 51 Intrinsic Data Types 51 Numeric Types 52 Booleans 61 Strings and Characters 62 Object 62 Operators 62 Flow Control 68 Boolean Decisions with if Statements 68 Multiple Choice with switch Statements 70 Loops: while and do 72 C-Style for Loops 73 Collection Iteration with foreach Loops 75 Summary 76 3. Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Classes 77 Static Members 80 Static Classes 82 Reference Types 83 Structs 89 When to Write a Value Type 93 Members 98 Fields 98 Constructors 100 Methods 108 Properties 114 Indexers 117 Operators 119 Events 122 Nested Types 122 Interfaces 124 Enums 126 Other Types 129 Anonymous Types 129 Partial Types and Methods 130 Summary 131 4. Generics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Generic Types 134 vi | Table of Contents
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