The Digital Signal Processing Handbook.pdf

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Contents

Preface

Editor

Contributors

Part I: Digital Audio Communications

Chapter 1. Auditory Psychophysics for Coding Applications

Chapter 2. MPEG Digital Audio Coding Standards

Chapter 3. Dolby Digital Audio Coding Standards

Chapter 4. The Perceptual Audio Coder

Chapter 5. Sony Systems

Part II: Speech Processing

Chapter 6. Speech Production Models and Their Digital Implementations

Chapter 7. Speech Coding

Chapter 8. Text-to-Speech Synthesis

Chapter 9. Speech Recognition by Machine

Chapter 10. Speaker Verification

Chapter 11. DSP Implementations of Speech Processing

Chapter 12. Software Tools for Speech Research and Development

Part III: Image and Video Processing

Chapter 13. Fundamentals of Image Processing

Chapter 14. Still Image Compression*

Chapter 15. Image and Video Restoration

Chapter 16. Video Scanning Format Conversion and Motion Estimation

Chapter 17. Document Modeling and Source Representation in Content-Based Image Retrieval

Chapter 18. Technologies for Content-Based Video Search over the World Wide Web

Chapter 19. Image Interpolation*

Chapter 20. Video Sequence Compression

Chapter 21. Digital Television

Chapter 22. Stereoscopic Image Processing*

Chapter 23. A Survey of Image Processing Software and Image Databases

Chapter 24. VLSI Architectures for Image Communications

Index

The Digital Signal Processing Handbook SECOND EDITION Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Vijay K. Madisetti Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Richard C. Dorf University of California, Davis Titles Included in the Series The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas The Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R. Spitzer The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija The Control Handbook, William S. Levine The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf The Digital Avionics Handbook, Second Edition Cary R. Spitzer The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Second Edition, Vijay K. Madisetti The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Leonard L. Grigsby The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. Whitaker The Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. Dorf The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Second Edition William A. Goddard, III, Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and Hussein T. Mouftah The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu The Mechatronics Handbook, Second Edition, Robert H. Bishop The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary The RF and Microwave Handbook, Second Edition, Mike Golio The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas The VLSI Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen

The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Second Edition Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards Wireless, Networking, Radar, Sensor Array Processing, and Nonlinear Signal Processing

MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not consti- tute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-4608-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy- right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Video, speech, and audio signal processing and associated standards / Vijay K. Madisetti. p. cm. “Second edition of the DSP Handbook has been divided into three parts.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-4608-3 (alk. paper) 1. Signal processing--Digital techniques--Standards. 2. Digital video--Standards. 3. Image processing--Digital techniques--Standards. 4. Speech processing systems--Standards 5. Sound--Recording and reproducing--Digital techniques--Standards I. Madisetti, V. (Vijay) II. Digital signal processing handbook. III. Title. TK5102.9.V493 2009 621.382’2--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2009022594

Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................. vii Editor ..................................................................................................................................................... ix Contributors ........................................................................................................................................ xi PART I Digital Audio Communications Nikil Jayant 1 Auditory Psychophysics for Coding Applications ......................................................... 1-1 Joseph L. Hall 2 MPEG Digital Audio Coding Standards .......................................................................... 2-1 Schuyler R. Quackenbush and Peter Noll 3 Dolby Digital Audio Coding Standards ........................................................................... 3-1 Robert L. Andersen and Grant A. Davidson 4 The Perceptual Audio Coder .............................................................................................. 4-1 Deepen Sinha, James D. Johnston, Sean Dorward, and Schuyler R. Quackenbush 5 Sony Systems .......................................................................................................................... 5-1 Kenzo Akagiri, Masayuki Katakura, H. Yamauchi, E. Saito, M. Kohut, Masayuki Nishiguchi, Kyoya Tsutsui, and Keisuke Toyama PART II Speech Processing Richard V. Cox and Lawrence R. Rabiner 6 Speech Production Models and Their Digital Implementations ................................ 6-1 M. Mohan Sondhi and Juergen Schroeter 7 Speech Coding ........................................................................................................................ 7-1 Richard V. Cox 8 Text-to-Speech Synthesis ..................................................................................................... 8-1 Richard Sproat and Joseph Olive 9 Speech Recognition by Machine ........................................................................................ 9-1 Lawrence R. Rabiner and Biing-Hwang Juang v

vi Contents 10 Speaker Veriﬁcation ............................................................................................................ 10-1 Sadaoki Furui and Aaron E. Rosenberg 11 DSP Implementations of Speech Processing ................................................................. 11-1 Kurt Baudendistel 12 Software Tools for Speech Research and Development ............................................. 12-1 John Shore PART III Image and Video Processing Jan Biemond and Russell M. Mersereau 13 Fundamentals of Image Processing ................................................................................. 13-1 Ian T. Young, Jan J. Gerbrands, and Lucas J. van Vliet 14 Still Image Compression .................................................................................................... 14-1 Tor A. Ramstad 15 Image and Video Restoration ........................................................................................... 15-1 A. Murat Tekalp 16 Video Scanning Format Conversion and Motion Estimation .................................. 16-1 Gerard de Haan and Ralph Braspenning 17 Document Modeling and Source Representation in Content-Based Image Retrieval .................................................................................................................... 17-1 Soo Hyun Bae and Biing-Hwang Juang 18 Technologies for Context-Based Video Search over the World Wide Web ......... 18-1 Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay K. Madisetti 19 Image Interpolation ............................................................................................................ 19-1 Yucel Altunbasak 20 Video Sequence Compression .......................................................................................... 20-1 Osama Al-Shaykh, Ralph Neff, David Taubman, and Avideh Zakhor 21 Digital Television ................................................................................................................. 21-1 Kou-Hu Tzou 22 Stereoscopic Image Processing ......................................................................................... 22-1 Reginald L. Lagendijk, Ruggero E. H. Franich, and Emile A. Hendriks 23 A Survey of Image Processing Software and Image Databases ................................ 23-1 Stanley J. Reeves 24 VLSI Architectures for Image Communications.......................................................... 24-1 P. Pirsch and W. Gehrke Index ................................................................................................................................................... I-1

Preface Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the theoretical and practical aspects of representing information-bearing signals in a digital form and with using computers, special-purpose hardware and software, or similar platforms to extract information, process it, or transform it in useful ways. Areas where DSP has made a signiﬁcant impact include telecommunications, wireless and mobile communi- cations, multimedia applications, user interfaces, medical technology, digital entertainment, radar and sonar, seismic signal processing, and remote sensing, to name just a few. Given the widespread use of DSP, a need developed for an authoritative reference, written by the top experts in the world, that would provide information on both theoretical and practical aspects in a manner that was suitable for a broad audience—ranging from professionals in electrical engineering, computer science, and related engineering and scientiﬁc professions to managers involved in technical marketing, and to graduate students and scholars in the ﬁeld. Given the abundance of basic and introductory texts on DSP, it was important to focus on topics that were useful to engineers and scholars without overemphasizing those topics that were already widely accessible. In short, the DSP handbook was created to be relevant to the needs of the engineering community. A task of this magnitude could only be possible through the cooperation of some of the foremost DSP researchers and practitioners. That collaboration, over 10 years ago, produced the ﬁrst edition of the successful DSP handbook that contained a comprehensive range of DSP topics presented with a clarity of vision and a depth of coverage to inform, educate, and guide the reader. Indeed, many of the chapters, written by leaders in their ﬁeld, have guided readers through a unique vision and perception garnered by the authors through years of experience. The second edition of the DSP handbook consists of Digital Signal Processing Fundamentals; Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards; and Wireless, Networking, Radar, Sensor Array Processing, and Nonlinear Signal Processing to ensure that each part is dealt with in adequate detail and that each part is then able to develop its own individual identity and role in terms of its educational mission and audience. I expect each part to be frequently updated with chapters that reﬂect the changes and new developments in the technology and in the ﬁeld. The distribution model for the DSP handbook also reﬂects the increasing need by professionals to access content in electronic form anywhere and at anytime. Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards, as the name implies, provides a comprehensive coverage of the basic foundations of speech, audio, image, and video processing and associated applications to broadcast, storage, search and retrieval, and communications. This book needs to be continuously updated to include newer aspects of these technologies, and I look forward to suggestions on how this handbook can be improved to serve you better. vii

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