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Wireless Positioning Technologies And Applications.pdf

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    Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications
    Contents v
    Preface xi
    Chapter 1 Introduction 1
    1.1 Fundamentals and Terms
    1.2 Applications
    1.3 Overview of Distance Measurement and Location Methods
    1.4 Organization of the Book
    References
    Chapter 2 Basic Principles and Applications 13
    2.1 Signal Parameters
    2.2 Basics of Location
    2.3 Navigation Systems
    2.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 3 Spread Spectrum 53
    3.1 Principles of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
    3.2 Acquisition
    3.3 Tracking
    3.4 Measurement of Elapsed Time
    3.5 Propagation Time Resolution
    3.6 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 4 Time Transfer 95
    4.1 Time Transfer Basics
    4.2 Calibration Constants
    4.3 Range Uncertainty
    4.4 Ranging Procedure in Wireless Network
    4.5 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 5 Multicarrier Phase Measurement 107
    5.1 Principle of Multicarrier Phase Measurement
    5.2 Phase Slope Method
    5.3 Phase Error Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio
    5.4 Estimation of Distance Variance Versus SNR
    5.5 Multipath
    5.6 System Implementation
    5.7 OFDM
    5.8 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 6 Received Signal Strength 139
    6.1 Advantages and Problems in RSS Location
    6.2 Propagation Laws
    6.3 RSS Location Methods
    6.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 7 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival 161
    7.1 TOA Location Method
    7.2 TDOA
    7.3 Performance Impairment
    7.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 8 Angle of Arrival 189
    8.1 Triangulation
    8.2 Antenna Performance Terms and Definitions 191
    8.3 Finding Direction from Antenna Patterns
    8.4 Direction-Finding Methods
    8.5 Electronically Steerable Beam Antennas
    8.6 ESPAR Antenna Array
    8.7 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 9 Cellular Networks 223
    9.1 Cellular Location-Based Services
    9.2 Cellular Network Fundamentals
    9.3 Categories of Location Systems
    9.4 GPS Solution
    9.5 Cell-ID
    9.6 Location Technologies Using TDOA
    9.7 Angle of Arrival
    9.8 Received Signal Strength and Pattern Recognition
    9.9 Problems and Solutions in Cellular Network Positioning
    9.10 Handset-Based Versus Network-Based Systems
    9.11 Accuracy Factors
    9.12 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 10 Short-Range Wireless Networks and RFID
    10.1 WLAN/WiFi
    10.2 WPAN
    10.3 RFID
    10.4 Conclusions
    References
    Chapter 11 Ultra-wideband (UWB)
    11.1 Telecommunication Authority Regulations
    11.2 UWB Implementation
    11.3 IEEE 802.15.4a
    11.4 Dealing with Multipath and Nonline of Sight
    11.5 Conclusions
    References
    Bibliography 289
    List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 293
    About the Author 297
    Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications page i 09-28-07 07:32:54
    For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House GNSS Technology and Application Series, turn to the back of this book. page ii 09-28-07 07:32:54
    Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications Alan Bensky page iii 09-28-07 07:32:54
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-130-5 Cover design by  2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 page iv 09-28-07 07:32:54
    Contents Preface CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamentals and Terms 1.1.1 Basic Measurements 1.1.2 Terms 1.2 Applications 1.2.1 Cellular Networks 1.2.2 Person and Asset Tracking 1.2.3 Wireless Network Security 1.2.4 Location-Based Advertising 1.2.5 Location Services for Vehicles and Traffic 1.3 Overview of Distance Measurement and Location Methods 1.4 Organization of the Book References CHAPTER 2 Basic Principles and Applications 2.1 Signal Parameters 2.1.1 Time Resolution 2.1.2 Pulse Width and Duty Cycle 2.1.3 Bandwidth 2.1.4 Noise 2.1.5 Pulse Compression 2.2 Basics of Location 2.2.1 Rho-Theta 2.2.2 Theta-Theta or AOA 2.2.3 Rho-Rho or TOA 2.2.4 TDOA and Hyperbolic Curves 2.3 Navigation Systems 2.3.1 DME 2.3.2 VOR 2.3.3 Loran-C 2.3.4 GPS 2.4 Conclusions References xi 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 10 11 13 14 14 15 15 17 20 27 27 28 29 30 32 33 37 38 44 51 52 v page v 09-28-07 07:33:18
    vi Contents CHAPTER 3 Spread Spectrum 3.1 Principles of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 3.1.1 Transmitter and Receiver Configurations for DSSS 3.1.2 DSSS Waveforms 3.1.3 Despreading and Correlation 3.1.4 Code Sequence Generation 3.1.5 Synchronization 3.1.6 Velocity Estimation 3.2 Acquisition 3.2.1 Code Acquisition 3.2.2 Carrier Acquisition 3.2.3 Code Rate Matching 3.2.4 Effect of Data Modulation on Acquisition 3.2.5 Radiometric Detection 3.3 Tracking 3.3.1 Carrier Tracking 3.3.2 Code Tracking 3.4 Measurement of Elapsed Time 3.4.1 One-Way Systems 3.4.2 Two-Way Systems 3.4.3 The Time Measurement Process 3.4.4 High-Resolution Elapsed Time-Measuring Receiver 3.4.5 Duplex and Half Duplex Two-Way Ranging 3.4.6 Sequence Length and Chip Period 3.5 Propagation Time Resolution 3.5.1 Tracking Accuracy and Noise 3.5.2 Multipath 3.5.3 Increased Range Resolution Using Carrier Phase 3.6 Conclusions References CHAPTER 4 Time Transfer 4.1 Time Transfer Basics 4.2 Calibration Constants 4.3 Range Uncertainty 4.3.1 Clock Drift and Measurement Time 4.3.2 Noise 4.3.3 Multipath 4.3.4 Relative Motion 4.4 Ranging Procedure in Wireless Network 4.5 Conclusions References 53 53 54 55 57 59 60 62 63 64 69 70 71 71 72 72 73 77 78 78 79 82 83 87 88 88 90 92 93 94 95 95 97 98 99 101 102 102 103 105 105 page vi 09-28-07 07:33:18
    Contents CHAPTER 5 Multicarrier Phase Measurement 5.1 Principle of Multicarrier Phase Measurement 5.2 Phase Slope Method 5.3 Phase Error Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio 5.4 Estimation of Distance Variance Versus SNR 5.5 Multipath 5.6 System Implementation 5.6.1 Phase Difference Measurements and Analogy to TDOA 5.7 OFDM 5.7.1 The Basics of OFDM 5.7.2 OFDM Distance Measurement 5.7.3 Location Based on OFDM Distance Measurement 5.7.4 Resolution of OFDM Distance Measurement 5.8 Conclusions References CHAPTER 6 Received Signal Strength 6.1 Advantages and Problems in RSS Location 6.2 Propagation Laws 6.2.1 Free Space 6.2.2 Free-Space dB 6.2.3 Open Field 6.2.4 Logarithmic Approximation 6.2.5 Randomizing Term X 6.2.6 Outdoor Area Networks 6.2.7 Path Loss and Received Signal Strength 6.3 RSS Location Methods 6.3.1 RSS Location from Range Estimations 6.3.2 RSS Location Based on Database Comparison 6.4 Conclusions References CHAPTER 7 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival 7.1 TOA Location Method 7.1.1 Overdetermined TOA Equation Solution 7.1.2 TOA Method in GPS Positioning 7.2 TDOA 7.2.1 TDOA Measurement Techniques 7.2.2 Multilateral and Unilateral Topologies for TDOA 7.2.3 TDOA Geometric Model 7.2.4 TDOA Example vii 107 107 108 111 115 118 123 125 126 126 130 134 136 137 138 139 139 140 140 140 141 142 143 144 146 146 146 147 158 158 161 162 163 166 170 171 173 175 177 page vii 09-28-07 07:33:18
    viii Contents 7.3 Performance Impairment 7.3.1 Uncertainties in Data Measurement 7.3.2 Random Noise 7.3.3 Dilution of Precision (DOP) 7.3.4 Multipath 7.3.5 Cochannel Interference 7.4 Conclusions References CHAPTER 8 Angle of Arrival 8.1 Triangulation 8.2 Antenna Performance Terms and Definitions 8.3 Finding Direction from Antenna Patterns 8.4 Direction-Finding Methods 8.4.1 Amplitude Comparison 8.4.2 Phase Interferometer 8.5 Electronically Steerable Beam Antennas 8.6 ESPAR Antenna Array 8.7 Conclusions References CHAPTER 9 Cellular Networks 9.1 Cellular Location-Based Services 9.2 Cellular Network Fundamentals 9.2.1 GSM Transmissions 9.2.2 CDMA 9.2.3 UMTS 9.3 Categories of Location Systems 9.4 GPS Solution 9.5 Cell-ID 9.6 Location Technologies Using TDOA 9.6.1 Enhanced Observed Time Differences 9.6.2 Observed Time Difference of Arrival 9.6.3 Uplink Time Difference of Arrival 9.7 Angle of Arrival 9.8 Received Signal Strength and Pattern Recognition 9.9 Problems and Solutions in Cellular Network Positioning 9.9.1 Narrowband Networks 9.9.2 CDMA 9.9.3 GSM 9.10 Handset-Based Versus Network-Based Systems 9.11 Accuracy Factors 9.12 Conclusions References 181 181 182 182 184 186 186 187 189 189 191 194 198 198 200 207 214 220 221 223 223 224 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 234 235 236 236 236 237 237 237 238 238 239 239 240 page viii 09-28-07 07:33:18
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