Digital Image Processing: PIKS Inside, Third Edition. William K. Pratt
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBNs: 0-471-37407-5 (Hardback); 0-471-22132-5 (Electronic)
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
PIKS Inside
Third Edition
WILLIAM K. PRATT
PixelSoft, Inc.
Los Altos, California
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
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To my wife, Shelly
whose image needs no enhancement
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1 CONTINUOUS IMAGE CHARACTERIZATION
1
Continuous Image Mathematical Characterization
1.1 Image Representation, 3
1.2 Two-Dimensional Systems, 5
1.3 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform, 10
1.4 Image Stochastic Characterization, 15
2
Psychophysical Vision Properties
2.1 Light Perception, 23
2.2 Eye Physiology, 26
2.3 Visual Phenomena, 29
2.4 Monochrome Vision Model, 33
2.5 Color Vision Model, 39
3
Photometry and Colorimetry
3.1 Photometry, 45
3.2 Color Matching, 49
xiii
xvii
1
3
23
45
vii
viii
CONTENTS
3.3 Colorimetry Concepts, 54
3.4 Tristimulus Value Transformation, 61
3.5 Color Spaces, 63
PART 2 DIGITAL IMAGE CHARACTERIZATION
4
Image Sampling and Reconstruction
4.1 Image Sampling and Reconstruction Concepts, 91
4.2 Image Sampling Systems, 99
4.3 Image Reconstruction Systems, 110
5
Discrete Image Mathematical Representation
5.1 Vector-Space Image Representation, 121
5.2 Generalized Two-Dimensional Linear Operator, 123
5.3 Image Statistical Characterization, 127
5.4 Image Probability Density Models, 132
5.5 Linear Operator Statistical Representation, 136
6
Image Quantization
6.1 Scalar Quantization, 141
6.2 Processing Quantized Variables, 147
6.3 Monochrome and Color Image Quantization, 150
89
91
121
141
PART 3 DISCRETE TWO-DIMENSIONAL LINEAR PROCESSING 159
7
Superposition and Convolution
7.1 Finite-Area Superposition and Convolution, 161
7.2 Sampled Image Superposition and Convolution, 170
7.3 Circulant Superposition and Convolution, 177
7.4 Superposition and Convolution Operator Relationships, 180
8
Unitary Transforms
8.1 General Unitary Transforms, 185
8.2 Fourier Transform, 189
8.3 Cosine, Sine, and Hartley Transforms, 195
8.4 Hadamard, Haar, and Daubechies Transforms, 200
8.5 Karhunen–Loeve Transform, 207
9
Linear Processing Techniques
9.1 Transform Domain Processing, 213
9.2 Transform Domain Superposition, 216
161
185
213
CONTENTS
ix
9.3 Fast Fourier Transform Convolution, 221
9.4 Fourier Transform Filtering, 229
9.5 Small Generating Kernel Convolution, 236
PART 4
IMAGE IMPROVEMENT
10
Image Enhancement
10.1 Contrast Manipulation, 243
10.2 Histogram Modification, 253
10.3 Noise Cleaning, 261
10.4 Edge Crispening, 278
10.5 Color Image Enhancement, 284
10.6 Multispectral Image Enhancement, 289
11
Image Restoration Models
11.1 General Image Restoration Models, 297
11.2 Optical Systems Models, 300
11.3 Photographic Process Models, 304
11.4 Discrete Image Restoration Models, 312
12 Point and Spatial Image Restoration Techniques
12.1 Sensor and Display Point Nonlinearity Correction, 319
12.2 Continuous Image Spatial Filtering Restoration, 325
12.3 Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration, 335
12.4 SVD Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration, 349
12.5 Statistical Estimation Spatial Image Restoration, 355
12.6 Constrained Image Restoration, 358
12.7 Blind Image Restoration, 363
13 Geometrical Image Modification
13.1 Translation, Minification, Magnification, and Rotation, 371
13.2 Spatial Warping, 382
13.3 Perspective Transformation, 386
13.4 Camera Imaging Model, 389
13.5 Geometrical Image Resampling, 393
PART 5
IMAGE ANALYSIS
14 Morphological Image Processing
241
243
297
319
371
399
401
14.1 Binary Image Connectivity, 401
14.2 Binary Image Hit or Miss Transformations, 404
14.3 Binary Image Shrinking, Thinning, Skeletonizing, and Thickening, 411
x
CONTENTS
14.4 Binary Image Generalized Dilation and Erosion, 422
14.5 Binary Image Close and Open Operations, 433
14.6 Gray Scale Image Morphological Operations, 435
15 Edge Detection
15.1 Edge, Line, and Spot Models, 443
15.2 First-Order Derivative Edge Detection, 448
15.3 Second-Order Derivative Edge Detection, 469
15.4 Edge-Fitting Edge Detection, 482
15.5 Luminance Edge Detector Performance, 485
15.6 Color Edge Detection, 499
15.7 Line and Spot Detection, 499
16
Image Feature Extraction
16.1 Image Feature Evaluation, 509
16.2 Amplitude Features, 511
16.3 Transform Coefficient Features, 516
16.4 Texture Definition, 519
16.5 Visual Texture Discrimination, 521
16.6 Texture Features, 529
17
Image Segmentation
17.1 Amplitude Segmentation Methods, 552
17.2 Clustering Segmentation Methods, 560
17.3 Region Segmentation Methods, 562
17.4 Boundary Detection, 566
17.5 Texture Segmentation, 580
17.6 Segment Labeling, 581
18
Shape Analysis
18.1 Topological Attributes, 589
18.2 Distance, Perimeter, and Area Measurements, 591
18.3 Spatial Moments, 597
18.4 Shape Orientation Descriptors, 607
18.5 Fourier Descriptors, 609
19
Image Detection and Registration
19.1 Template Matching, 613
19.2 Matched Filtering of Continuous Images, 616
19.3 Matched Filtering of Discrete Images, 623
19.4 Image Registration, 625
443
509
551
589
613