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Solutions FDTD Getting Started Release 8.6

Contents 1 Table of Contents Part I Introduction Part II Silver Nanowire Tutorial 1 What is FDTD? 2 FDTD Solutions GUI 3 Running Simulations and Optimizations 4 Analyzing simulation data 2 ............................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................ 4 ............................................................................................................ 7 ............................................................................................................ 9 12 ............................................................................................................ 13 ............................................................................................................ 17 26 ............................................................................................................ 27 ............................................................................................................ 34 44 ............................................................................................................ 44 ............................................................................................................ 52 1 Discussion and results 2 Modeling instructions 1 Discussion and results 2 Modeling instructions Part III Ring Resonator Tutorial Part IV PC Micro Cavity Tutorial 1 Discussion and results 2 Modeling instructions © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

2 1 Getting Started Introduction The goal of the Getting Started Guide is to introduce FDTD Solutions and demonstrate how it can be used to model a number of simple systems. The FDTD algorithm is useful for design and investigation in a wide variety of applications involving the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through complicated media. It is especially useful for describing radiation incident upon or propagating through structures with strong scattering or diffractive properties. The available alternative computational methods - often relying on approximate models - frequently provide inaccurate results. FDTD Solutions is useful for numerous engineering problems of commercial interest including: integrated optical components display technologies optical storage devices OLED design biophotonic sensors plasmon polariton resonance devices optical waveguide devices photonic crystal devices LCD devices FDTD Solutions is an accurate and easy to use, versatile design tool capable of treating this wide variety of applications. This introductory chapter of the Getting Started Guide introduces the general FDTD method and provides a basic overview of the product usage. The final sections contain examples that are accompanied by step-by-step instructions so that you can set up and run the simulations yourself. Application Type Particle Scattering Waveguide Devices Cavities and Resonators Description Calculation of the absorption, scattering and extinction cross- sections of a sub-wavelength particle. Determination of the insertion loss or return loss, and frequency response of waveguide-based components. Manufacturing tolerances are also calculated. Analysis of resonant modes and the corresponding decay Example Silver nanowire resonant scattering 12 Ring resonator design for channel drop filter 26 Photonic crystal micro cavity design 44 © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Introduction 3 constants for cavities and resonators. 1.1 What is FDTD? The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method has become the state-of-the-art method for solving Maxwell’s equations in complex geometries. It is a fully vectorial method that naturally gives both time domain, and frequency domain information to the user, offering unique insight into all types of problems and appFDTDlications in electromagnetics and photonics. The technique is discrete in both space and time. The electromagnetic fields and structural materials of interest are described on a discrete mesh made up of so-called Yee cells. Maxwell’s equations are solved discretely in time, where the time step used is related to the mesh size through the speed of light. This technique is an exact representation of Maxwell’s equations in the limit that the mesh cell size goes to zero. Structures to be simulated can have a wide variety of electromagnetic material properties. Light sources may be added to the simulation. The FDTD method is used to calculate how the EM fields propagate from the source through the structure. Subsequent iteration results in the electromagnetic field propagation in time. Typically, the simulation is run until there are essentially no electromagnetic fields left in the simulation region. Time domain information can be recorded at any spatial point (or group of points). This data can be recorded for the duration of the simulation, or it can be recorded as a series of "snapshots" at times specified by the user. Frequency domain information at any spatial point (or group of points) may be obtained through the Fourier transform of the time domain information at that point. Thus, the © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

4 Getting Started frequency dependence of power flow and modal profiles may be obtained over a wide range of frequencies from a single simulation. In addition, results obtained in the near field using the FDTD technique may be transformed to the far field, in applications where scattering patterns are important. More information about the FDTD method, including references, can be found in the Physics of the FDTD Algorithm section of the reference guide. 1.2 FDTD Solutions GUI This section discusses useful features of the FDTD Solutions Graphical User Interface (GUI). In this topic Graphical User Interface: Windows and Toolbars Add Objects to the simulation Edit Objects Start a new 2D/3D simulation 4 6 5 7 Graphical User Interface: Windows and Toolbars The graphical user interface contains useful tools for editing simulations, including a toolbar for adding objects to the simulation a toolbar to edit objects a toolbar to run simulations an objects tree to show the objects which are currently included in the simulation a script file editor window an object library a window to set up parameter sweeps and optimizations a results view that shows all the current results for the selected simulation object a script workspace that shows all the variables in the current scripting environment a script favorites window that stores the user's favorite script commands © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

Introduction 5 In the default configuration some of the Windows are hidden. To open hidden windows, click the right mouse button anywhere on the main title bar or the toolbar to get the pop up window shown in the screen shot below. The visible windows/toolbars have a check mark next to their name; the hidden ones do not have check marks. A second way to obtain the pop up window is to go to the main title toolbar and select VIEW->WINDOWS. For more information about the toolbars and windows see the Layout editor section of the reference guide. Add Objects to the simulation The Graphical User interface contains buttons to add objects to the simulation. Click on the arrow next to the image to get a pull down menu which shows all the available options in a group. The screenshot below shows what happens when we click on the arrow next to the COMPONENTS button. Note that the picture on the button is the same as the MORE CHOICES option in the list. If we click on the button itself (instead of the arrow) we will go directly to the MORE CHOICES section of the object library. © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

6 Getting Started Also notice that the picture for the COMPONENTS button will change depending on what the last component that was added to the simulation was. Finally, the ZOOM EXTENT button in the simulation. in the toolbar will resize the viewports to fit all the objects currently included Edit objects To edit an object, select the object and press E on the keyboard or press the EDIT button on the toolbar. The easiest way to select an object is to click on the name of the object in the objects tree. However, objects can also be selected by clicking on the graphical depiction of them when the SELECT button is pressed. For more information see the Layout editor section of the reference guide. When we edit objects in FDTD, we get an edit window. The edit windows have units for the settings; in the GEOMETRY tab, the x, y and z location will be in m by default. The units can be changed to nm if we choose SETTINGS->LENGTH units in the main menu. Fields in the edit windows act like calculators, so that equations can be entered in the fields. See the y span field below for an example. © 2003 - 2013 Lumerical Solutions, Inc

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