High Performance Switches and Routers.pdf

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INTRODUCTION

IP ADDRESS LOOKUP

HIGH PERFORMANCE SWITCHES AND ROUTERS H. JONATHAN CHAO and BIN LIU

HIGH PERFORMANCE SWITCHES AND ROUTERS

HIGH PERFORMANCE SWITCHES AND ROUTERS H. JONATHAN CHAO and BIN LIU

Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and speciﬁcally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or ﬁtness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of proﬁt or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Chao, H. Jonathan, 1955- High performance switches and routers / by H. Jonathan Chao, Bin Liu. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-05367-6 ISBN-10: 0-470-05367-4 1. Asynchronous transfer mode. 2. Routers (Computer networks) 3. Computer network protocols. 4. Packet switching (Data transmission) I. Liu, Bin. II. Title. TK5105.35.C454 2007 621.382 2006026971 16- -dc22 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 T640 TX-Matrix / 9 Carrier Routing System (CRS-1) / 11 Architecture of the Internet: Present and Future / 2 The Present / 2 1.1.1 1.1.2 The Future / 4 Router Architectures / 5 Commercial Core Router Examples / 9 1.3.1 1.3.2 Design of Core Routers / 13 IP Network Management / 16 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 Outline of the Book / 19 Network Management System Functionalities / 16 NMS Architecture / 17 Element Management System / 18 2 IP ADDRESS LOOKUP 2.1 2.2 Overview / 25 Trie-Based Algorithms / 29 2.2.1 2.2.2 Binary Trie / 29 Path-Compressed Trie / 31 xv xvii 1 25 v

vi CONTENTS Level Compression Trie / 35 Lulea Algorithm / 37 Tree Bitmap Algorithm / 42 Tree-Based Pipelined Search / 45 Binary Search on Preﬁx Lengths / 47 Binary Search on Preﬁx Range / 48 2.2.3 Multi-Bit Trie / 33 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 Hardware-Based Schemes / 51 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 IPv6 Lookup / 67 2.4.1 2.4.2 A Folded Method for Saving TCAM Storage / 67 IPv6 Lookup via Variable-Stride Path and Bitmap 2.4.3 Compression / 69 DIR-24-8-BASIC Scheme / 51 DIR-Based Scheme with Bitmap Compression (BC-16-16) / 53 Ternary CAM for Route Lookup / 57 Two Algorithms for Reducing TCAM Entries / 58 Reducing TCAM Power – CoolCAMs / 60 TCAM-Based Distributed Parallel Lookup / 64 Characteristics of IPv6 Lookup / 67 2.3 2.4 2.5 Comparison / 73 3 PACKET CLASSIFICATION 77 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction / 77 Trie-Based Classiﬁcations / 81 Hierarchical Tries / 81 3.2.1 3.2.2 Set-Pruning Trie / 82 Grid of Tries / 83 3.2.3 Extending Two-Dimensional Schemes / 84 3.2.4 3.2.5 Field-Level Trie Classiﬁcation (FLTC) / 85 Geometric Algorithms / 90 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 Area-Based Quadtree / 95 3.3.6 3.3.7 Heuristic Algorithms / 103 3.4.1 3.4.2 Background / 90 Cross-Producting Scheme / 91 Bitmap-Intersection / 92 Parallel Packet Classiﬁcation (P2C) / 93 Hierarchical Intelligent Cuttings / 97 HyperCuts / 98 Recursive Flow Classiﬁcation / 103 Tuple Space Search / 107

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