远程塔台白皮书.pdf

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Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower Virtually all modern controlled airports are equipped with a staffed tower to provide air traffic services to operate and maintain arrival, departure and ground movement for commercial and non-commercial aircraft. However, increasing pressure to reduce costs and modernise service is compelling air navigation service providers (ANSPs) to rethink the status quo and to explore new concepts for air traffic management (ATM), such as remote virtual tower (RVT). Remote virtual towers can locate ATM services for multiple airports at one central location, thus creating several possibilities for synergy and savings. This document will help air navigation service providers understand the remote virtual tower concept, including: • A description of remote virtual tower • The advantages and potential savings of remote virtual tower • How to transition to remote virtual tower. August 2016 Air Traffic Management © 2016 Frequentis — All rights reserved

Table of contents 1 The remote virtual tower concept ........................................................................................................3 1.1 Definition of remote virtual tower ......................................................................................................4 1.2 Usage scenarios for a remote virtual tower ......................................................................................4 1.3 Benefits of using a remote virtual tower ...........................................................................................5 1.3.1 Cost saving aspects .................................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Service in remote areas ..........................................................................................................6 1.3.3 Security critical areas .............................................................................................................6 2 Components of a remote virtual tower ...................................................................................................7 2.1 Basic profile ........................................................................................................................................7 2.2 Enhanced profile ................................................................................................................................9 3 Transition to remote virtual tower ........................................................................................................10 4 Pilot implementation management plan ..............................................................................................11 4.1 Planning and organisation ................................................................................................................11 4.2 Site infrastructure ............................................................................................................................12 4.2.1 Remote tower centre Infrastructure .....................................................................................13 4.2.2 Airport site infrastructure ....................................................................................................13 4.2.3 Transport, mounting and installation of equipment .............................................................13 4.2.4 Sourcing of parts and equipment in the country ..................................................................13 4.3 Network infrastructure provision ....................................................................................................13 4.3.1 Network performance requirements ...................................................................................14 4.3.2 Network reliability .................................................................................................................14 4.4 Validation procedure definition ........................................................................................................14 5 Rules and regulations ............................................................................................................................16 6 Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................................18 7 References ..............................................................................................................................................19 8 Appendix A: Comparision between regular towers and remote virtual towers. ...............................20 8.1 Standardisation and ongoing activities ............................................................................................20 8.2 Tower operations ..............................................................................................................................20 8.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................................................21 8.4 Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................22 8.5 Controllers view – regular ATC tower .............................................................................................23 8.6 Controllers view – remote virtual tower ..........................................................................................23 2 Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower

1 The remote virtual tower concept Air transportation has spread throughout the world, and flight traffic as well as passenger numbers are continuously increasing. Air transport has grown to include many smaller towns and remote locations, providing these locations with an indispensable traffic link and connection to major airports. As the use of flying has grown, there is an increasing pressure on air navigation service providers ANSPs to reduce the operating costs of air traffic management ATM, especially for medium size and small airports. ATM services constitutes a fixed cost, which is hard to cover by relatively small air traffic. A fully equipped and operational tower at a small airport servicing only a handful of take-offs and landings per day can be an economic burden, which may overstretch the financial capabilities of low-traffic airports. Remote virtual tower RVT is a possible solution for such airports to improve their profitability, offer longer opening hours, or prevent from being closed down. In addition, RVT also introduces a level of flexibility that allows service levels to be enhanced. The goal of a RVT is to give airports remote control capabilities and introduce video-based control for ATM services in safety-critical environments. RVT replaces the visual view of flight craft movement and the terminal area of an airport, and enables ANSPs to provide air traffic services from a remote location with virtually the same visibility as a local tower. RVT replaces the onsite view of the airport control tower with a visualisation system located at a remote site by using high resolution visual / infrared (IR) cameras, optimised for wide-range coverage by providing a video presentation that uses object detection and alerting functions together with information enhancement. Today Tomorrow Figure 1: Todays and tomorrows layout of a controller working position Operating a tower remotely opens a wide range of synergies, since it allows co-location of several towers to one remote tower centre (RTC), where several airports are controlled centrally by the same staff – providing better utilisation of resources. Figure 2: General topology of a remote virtual tower solution Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — The remote virtual tower concept 3

1.1 Definition of remote virtual tower The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) defines remote virtual tower as follows. A remote virtual tower is where air traffic services (ATS) are remotely provided through direct visual capture and visual reproduction (e.g. with cameras). The ATS are provided using a remote tower module (RTM), which includes operator workstation(s), ATM systems and display solutions. A remote tower module is the term for the complete module, including both the controller working positions (CWPs) and the visual reproduction display screens. A remote tower centre is a building where ATS are located to serve one or more airports. It usually includes several RTMs. 1.2 Usage scenarios for a remote virtual tower The Single European Sky ATM Research programme has defined three different operational types of remote virtual tower: • Single remote virtual tower • Multiple remote virtual tower • Contingency remote virtual tower. Single: The single remote virtual tower configuration contains a RVT module and CWP dedicated to a single remote airport. The configuration is used to provide ATS to a dedicated airport and not switched between airports. Multiple / sequential configuration: This configuration supports multiple airports controlled from a single remote tower module and CWP. In the sequential configuration, the module and CWP are connected to two or more airports, but only one airport at time. The module and CWP can be switched from one airport to the next. The typical case where the sequential configuration applies is where multiple airports are managed on a common schedule and the airports are opened and closed in a sequential manner based on scheduled activity. Figure 4: Topology of a multiple sequential configuration Multiple / simultaneous configuration: This configuration also supports multiple airports controlled from a single remote tower module and CWP. In the simultaneous configuration, the module and CWP enable ATS to operate for two or more airports at the same time. Figure 5: Topology of a multiple simultaneous configuration Figure 3: Topology of a single configuration 4 Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — The remote virtual tower concept

Contingency: The contingency configuration is when a module and CWP are used as a redundancy for an ordinary tower. Among the three configurations — single, sequential, and simultaneous — there are many different varieties of remote virtual tower implementation. For example, a shared remote virtual tower is a configuration where traditional controls are used for an airport for normal traffic hours, and the centralised RVT takes over. 1.3 Benefits of using a remote virtual tower 1.3.1 Cost saving aspects The major revenue sources of airports are landing fees and passenger fees. These two correlate a roughly linear relation with air traffic. No flights and no passengers mean no revenues; many flights – many passengers – mean good revenues. ATS have to be in place even if there is only a handful of air movements. For low traffic airports, the fixed costs for providing ATS are independent of the number of flights and passengers. For high traffic airports, the variable costs for providing ATS grow slowly, as more air traffic control officers (ATCOs) and more work places are needed. However, this growth is not proportional to the growth of revenues due to more flights and passengers. Source: Helios Figure 6: Economic aspects of remote virtual tower The costs for providing ATS at an airport include: • Fixed ATM costs — independent of the traffic flow • Full ATM staffing at each tower • Investments in tower building, refurbishment and facility management • Maintenance costs • Site-specific training. If there is little air traffic, and landing fees and passenger fees do not cover the costs for providing ATS, airports will not reach the break-even point. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) clearly defines the requirements for ATS in its Procedures for Air Navigation Services. Reducing the level of service below the ICAO minimum level is not an option. The cost saving potential on the service level side is therefore limited. However, in order to provide ATS in compliance with international regulations, it is not necessarily required to have ATCOs placed on-site at airports. As long as the ICAO-mandated service level is kept, the out-of- the-window view can be substituted by a video-based view. Thus, ATCOs can be located remotely from an airport. Even if a single airport is handled by a single remote virtual tower, there is some savings potential. The single configuration enables operators to work remotely, optimising shift changes and the number of supervisor positions. However, co-locating multiple RVTs into one remote tower centre (RTC) can maximise savings by allowing the sharing of resources, since more than one airport can be handled by one controller in time shift mode. Employing the synergies of hosting and co-using several RVTs in one RTC opens many possibilities, chiefly in the areas of facility, operations and resources: Facility: For airports which already have a tower, after migration to remote virtual tower, facilities in an existing tower can also be re-used by other departments of the airport, e.g. as offices. This may save on costs (e.g. constructing new office building). Operations: Instead of full-fledged towers, only masts with cameras and sensors need to be operated and maintained. Due to centralisation, there will be substantial savings in areas such as: • Centralised data centre and IT • Centralised operations centre Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — The remote virtual tower concept 5

1.3.2 Service in remote areas Remote virtual tower technology can control airport traffic from remote locations. This allows remote tower centres to be placed in populated or attractive places (e.g. larger cities, emerging regions). It is easier to find skilled and educated people in such areas, simplifying staffing and recruiting. This also provides a long-term perspective for people in their jobs and high flexibility of resources. 1.3.3 Security critical areas Another factor for deploying remote virtual tower technology is security. A control tower at an airport is an obvious target and could be subject to bombing or other attack. The remote virtual tower approach keeps personnel at a safe, secure and protected location. Additional technology (e.g. infrared-based night vision cameras, video-based object detection) can be used as an enhancement for the remote virtual tower for infrastructure protection and monitoring. • Remote administration and monitoring • Remote IT support. Resources: Instead of resources at each airport, which may be under-utilised due to little air traffic, centralised resources can handle several airports and can employ a steady workload. Examples include: Combining resource for multiple airports (time shifting): A controller can use time between scheduled traffic at one airport for other tasks, such as handling services for another airport, training or preparation work. Combining activities from several airports: At small airports, there are still two controllers to manage traffic and provide support functions. With RVT, functions such as clearance delivery or flight information tasks of multiple airports can be assigned to one person. As a result, one controller could focus on tactical operation and service air movement and ground movement in a combined way. Optimising night shifts: During night shifts with low traffic, one controller can monitor three airports, resulting in a saving of two ATCOs, or 66% per night shift. Combining supervisor activities: A tower is normally equipped with at least one ATCO for air movement, one ATCO for ground movement and one supervisor. In an RTC environment, one supervisor can handle three airports, resulting in a saving of two supervisors or 66% per shift. 6 Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — The remote virtual tower concept

2 Components of a remote virtual tower To fulfil the task of ATM, an Airport Traffic Control Tower of a conventional airport must have: • Out-of-The-Window (OTW) view and binoculars • Light guns • Meteorological information • Navigation aids status information • Airfield Lighting control • Air/ground and ground/ground voice communication • Recording systems • Flight data handling. 2.1 Basic profile In a remote virtual tower installation, cameras replace the OTW — the view of the airport is presented to the ATCO electronically. This makes it possible for the ATCO to be located at a remote virtual tower, far away from the airport. A typical remote virtual tower installation consists of: • Equipment at the local airport • Working positions at the remote virtual tower Centre • A transmission network in between. External interfaces are situated at the local airport or at the RTC. Depending on the implementation, some of these interfaces and the systems/sensors might be included in the remote virtual tower solution. In other cases, such sensors might already exist and need to be integrated into the remote virtual tower system, e.g. meteorological sensors, navigational aids, VHF radios. Figure 7: Components of a remote virtual tower Solution Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — Components of a remote virtual tower 7

The heart of a remote virtual tower solution is cameras placed at the host airport. The cameras are mounted to capture a 180° or 360° view and they can be mounted at optimal locations at the airport, since they only need a mast and not a complete tower building. They can be distributed all over the airport to avoid any shadowed areas. Figure 9: CWP in a remote virtual tower throughput, low latency, low bit error rate) to carry the video streams from the cameras to the working position. Figures for the required QoS are given later in this paper. At a remote virtual tower, the main component is the controller working position (CWP). The CWP needs to be designed with human factor guidelines in mind, and it features: • A compact working position design • High-resolution display technology • Combined control panel (flight strips, camera control, control functions for AFL, ATIS). Typically, a remote tower centre will include several CWPs, depending on the size, traffic volume and number of connected airports. A data centre serves the CWPs, and connects the remote virtual tower to the WAN, providing the necessary IT infrastructure to handle voice and data traffic from different airports. Figure 8: Cameras at the local airport For relaying data and voice to a remote virtual tower, data and voice gateways are added at the local airport and integrated into the existing infrastructure. These network elements serve as gateways to connect the local airport and the remote virtual tower via a wide area network (WAN). The network between the local airport and the remote virtual tower is key to the remote virtual tower implementation. It needs to have high availability and redundancy, and provide a very high QoS (high Figure 10: A remote tower centre consists of several CWPs and a desk for a supervisor 8 Whitepaper: Introduction to remote virtual tower — Components of a remote virtual tower

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