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The_Seismic_Analysis_Code.pdf

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    Cover
    Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgements
    1 Introduction
    1.1 What is SAC?
    1.2 History and development
    1.3 Alternatives to SAC
    1.4 SAC variants
    1.5 Requirements and installation
    1.6 Scope of this book
    2 The SAC data format
    2.1 Philosophy and structure
    2.2 Conversion from other data formats
    2.3 Byte-order issues
    2.4 SAC file layout
    3 The SAC processing philosophy
    3.1 Phases of a typical analysis task
    3.2 Command summary for each phase
    3.3 Further information about SAC commands
    4 Basic SAC commands
    4.1 Command style
    4.2 Command history
    4.3 Reading and writing data
    4.4 Plotting and cutting
    4.5 Picking
    4.6 The file header
    4.7 Trace preparation and resampling
    4.8 Rotation
    4.9 Frequency-domain operations and filtering
    4.10 SAC startup files
    4.11 SAC utility programs
    5 SAC macros
    5.1 Macros and invoking them
    5.2 Writing a simple macro
    5.3 Tracing macro operations
    5.4 Searching for macros
    5.5 Decision making in macros
    5.6 Variables in macros
    5.7 Expressions
    5.8 Suspension, resumption and escape from macros
    5.9 Operating system interaction
    5.10 Looping commands
    5.11 Macro parameters
    5.12 Advanced operating system interaction
    6 Accessing SAC functionality and data from external programs
    6.1 Automating SAC execution
    6.2 Accessing SAC data in external programs
    6.3 Accessing SAC functionality in Fortran programs
    7 Graphical data annotation
    7.1 Plot annotation
    7.2 Annotating plots with graphical elements
    7.3 Using PLOTC
    8 Array data handling
    8.1 SAC subprocesses
    8.2 The signal stacking subprocess
    8.3 Array maps
    8.4 Beamforming
    8.5 Travel-time analysis
    9 Spectral estimation in SAC
    9.1 Spectral estimation
    9.2 The spectral estimation subprocess
    10 Three-dimensional data in SAC
    10.1 The concept of 3D data
    10.2 Spectrograms
    10.3 Contour plots
    10.4 Composite 3D data plots
    10.5 Properties of 3D data
    10.6 Writing 3D data files
    11 Implementation of common processing methodologies using SAC
    11.1 Seismic anisotropy and shear wave splitting
    11.2 Shear wave splitting analysis
    11.3 Receiver function analysis
    Appendix A Alphabetical list of SAC commands
    Appendix B Keyword in context for SAC command descriptions
    References
    Index
    The Seismic Analysis Code A Primer and User’s Guide The Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) is one of the most widely used analysis packages for regional and teleseismic seismic data. Now, for the first time, this book provides users at both introductory and advanced levels with a complete guide to SAC, enabling all users to make best use of this powerful tool. The book leads new users of SAC through the steps of learning basic commands, describes the SAC processing philosophy and presents its macro language in full. The text is supported throughout with exam- ple inputs and outputs from SAC. For the more experienced and ambitious practitioners of the code, it also describes SAC’s many hidden features, including advanced aspects of its graphics, its file structure, how to write independent programs to access and create files, and use of the methods SAC provides to inte- grate external processing steps into production-type data analysis schemes. Tutorial exercises in the book engage users with their newly acquired skills, providing data and code to implement the standard methods of teleseismic shear-wave splitting and receiver function analysis. Methodical and authoritative, this combined introduction and advanced tutorial guide is a key resource for researchers and graduate students in global seismology, earthquake seismology and geophysics. G E O R G E H E L F F R I C H is a professor of seismology in the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol. His research interests include using observational seismology to study features of the crust, mantle and core. Recently, he has based his analysis techniques on large-scale seismic array data, using SAC as the primary seismological data analysis tool. Before embarking on his research career, Professor Helffrich was a programmer who developed and supported mainframe operating systems. Bringing this experience to the seismological realm, he has contributed to the development of SAC for over 20 years. J A M E S W O O K E Y is a research fellow and lecturer in the School of Earth Sciences at the Univer- sity of Bristol. His research focuses on observational seismology, particularly seismic anisotropy, applied to problems from the inner core to oil reservoirs, with a recent focus on Earth’s core–mantle boundary region. Dr. Wookey has spent much of his research career developing and applying novel methods for analyzing seismic data, and comparing them with predictions from mineral physics and geodynamics to better understand Earth processes. His experience with SAC spans 15 years, including as contributor to its development. I A N B A S T O W is a lecturer in seismology in the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College, London. His research focuses primarily on the analysis of broadband seismological data from net- works of temporary seismograph stations to better understand the Earth’s crust and mantle. Dr. Bastow has worked extensively on tectonic problems concerning the seismically and volcanically active East African rift system, as well as on the development of Laurentia, the Precambrian core of North America. He has been a user of SAC for over a decade.
    THE SEISMIC ANALYSIS CODE A PRIMER AND USER’S GUIDE G E O R G E H E L F F R I C H School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom J A M E S W O O K E Y School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom I A N B A S T O W Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
    University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107045453 c George Helffrich, James Wookey and Ian Bastow 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall Internal book layout follows a design by G. K. Vallis A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-04545-3 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-61319-5 Paperback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/helffrich Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
    Contents Preface Acknowledgements page ix xi 1 2 3 Introduction 1.1 What is SAC? 1.2 History and development 1.3 Alternatives to SAC 1.4 1.5 1.6 SAC variants Requirements and installation Scope of this book The SAC data format 2.1 Philosophy and structure SAC file format Alphanumeric and binary forms Interconversion of formats 2.2 Conversion from other data formats GSE files SEG Y, MSEED, GCF and CSS formats Byte-order issues SAC file layout 2.3 2.4 The SAC processing philosophy 3.1 Phases of a typical analysis task Organize Interact Process Display 3.2 Command summary for each phase 3.3 Further information about SAC commands v 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 10 11 11 11 13 14 14 14 15
    vi 4 5 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.7 Basic SAC commands 4.1 Command style 4.2 Command history 4.3 Reading and writing data Reading examples Writing data Plotting and cutting Devices Windows and window placement Plotting data Cutting data Permanent plots Picking The file header Time representation Listing Changing Writing Trace preparation and resampling De-glitching Mean and trend removal Resampling Rotation Frequency-domain operations and filtering Filtering Designing filtering strategies 4.10 SAC startup files 4.11 SAC utility programs SAC macros 5.1 Macros and invoking them 5.2 Writing a simple macro 5.3 5.4 5.5 Decision making in macros 5.6 Tracing macro operations Searching for macros Variables in macros Types and scope Setting Expressions Syntax Built-in functions Escape character Evaluation order Conditions Suspension, resumption and escape from macros 5.8 5.9 Operating system interaction 5.10 Looping commands Contents 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 24 24 25 25 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 34 35 35 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 48 48 49 50 51 52
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