Intermediate-Python.pdf.pdf

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I Preface

II Author

III Table of Contents

*args and **kwargs

Usage of *args

Usage of **kwargs

Using *args and **kwargs to call a function

When to use them?

Debugging

Generators

Iterable

Iterator

Iteration

Generators

Map & Filter

Map

Filter

set Data Structure

Ternary Operators

Decorators

Everything in python is an object:

Defining functions within functions:

Returning functions from within functions:

Giving a function as an argument to another function:

Writing your first decorator:

Decorators with Arguments

Global & Return

Multiple return values

Mutation

__slots__ Magic

Virtual Environment

Collections

defaultdict

counter

deque

namedtuple

enum.Enum (Python 3.4+)

Enumerate

Object introspection

dir

type and id

inspect module

Comprehensions

list comprehensions

dict comprehensions

set comprehensions

Exceptions

Handling multiple exceptions:

Lambdas

One-Liners

For - Else

else clause:

Python C extensions

CTypes

SWIG

Python/C API

open Function

Targeting Python 2+3

Coroutines

Function caching

Python 3.2+

Python 2+

Context managers

Implementing Context Manager as a Class:

Handling exceptions

Implementing a Context Manager as a Generator

Contents I Preface II Author III Table of Contents 1 *args and **kwargs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Usage of *args . 1.2 Usage of **kwargs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Using *args and **kwargs to call a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 When to use them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Debugging 3 Generators . Iterable . Iterator . . Iteration . . 3.1 . 3.2 3.3 . 3.4 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Map & Filter 4.1 Map . 4.2 Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 10 10 11 11 11 14 14 15 i

5 set Data Structure 6 Ternary Operators 7 Decorators Everything in python is an object: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.2 Deﬁning functions within functions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Returning functions from within functions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 7.4 Giving a function as an argument to another function: . . . . . . 7.5 Writing your ﬁrst decorator: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Decorators with Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Global & Return 8.1 Multiple return values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Mutation 10 __slots__ Magic 11 Virtual Environment 12 Collections . 12.1 defaultdict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 deque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 namedtuple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 enum.Enum (Python 3.4+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Enumerate 14 Object introspection 14.1 dir . . . 14.2 type and id . . 14.3 inspect module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Comprehensions 15.1 list comprehensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 dict comprehensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 set comprehensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Exceptions 16.1 Handling multiple exceptions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 18 20 20 21 22 23 23 27 30 31 33 36 39 41 41 43 43 45 46 49 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 56 56 ii

17 Lambdas 18 One-Liners 19 For - Else 19.1 else clause: . . . 20 Python C extensions . 20.1 CTypes . . . . 20.2 SWIG . . . . . . 20.3 Python/C API . . . . . . . 21 open Function 22 Targeting Python 2+3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Coroutines 24 Function caching 24.1 Python 3.2+ . 24.2 Python 2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Context managers 25.1 Implementing Context Manager as a Class: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 Handling exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 Implementing a Context Manager as a Generator . . . . . . . . . 59 61 63 63 65 65 67 69 74 77 80 82 82 83 84 85 86 87 iii

iv 欢迎加入非盈利Python编程学习交流QQ群783462347，群里免费提供500+本Python书籍！

Note: You can donate me for my hardwork if you want to by buying the dona- tion version of Intermediate Python from Gumroad. Your help would be greatly appreciated! You can also sign up to my mailing list so that you remain in sync with any major updates to this book or my future projects! 1 欢迎加入非盈利Python编程学习交流QQ群783462347，群里免费提供500+本Python书籍！

Part I PREFACE Python is an amazing language with a strong and friendly community of pro- grammers. However, there is a lack of documentation on what to learn after getting the basics of Python down your throat. Through this book I aim to solve this problem. I would give you bits of information about some interesting topics which you can further explore. The topics which are discussed in this book open up your mind towards some nice corners of Python language. This book is an outcome of my desire to have something like this when I was beginning to learn Python. If you are a beginner, intermediate or even an advanced programmer there is something for you in this book. Please note that this book is not a tutorial and does not teach you Python. The topics are not explained in depth, instead only the minimum required informa- tion is given. I am sure you are as excited as I am so let’s start! Note: This book is a continuous work in progress. If you ﬁnd anything which you can further improve (I know you will ﬁnd a lot of stuff) then kindly submit a pull request! 2 欢迎加入非盈利Python编程学习交流QQ群783462347，群里免费提供500+本Python书籍！

Part II AUTHOR I am Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid. I have been programming extensively in Python for over 3 years now. I have been involved in a lot of Open Source projects. I regularly blog about interesting Python topics over at my blog . In 2014 I also spoke at EuroPython which was held in Berlin. It is the biggest Python conference in Europe. If you have an interesting Internship opportunity for me then I would deﬁnitely like to hear from you! 3 欢迎加入非盈利Python编程学习交流QQ群783462347，群里免费提供500+本Python书籍！

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