OpenGL SuperBible 7 pdf.pdf

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About This eBook

Title Page

Dedication Page

Contents

Figures

Tables

Listings

Foreword

Preface

The Architecture of the Book

What’s New in This Edition

How to Build the Examples

Errata

Note from the Publisher

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Part I: Foundations

Chapter 1. Introduction

OpenGL and the Graphics Pipeline

The Origins and Evolution of OpenGL

Core Profile OpenGL

Primitives, Pipelines, and Pixels

Summary

Chapter 2. Our First OpenGL Program

Creating a Simple Application

Using Shaders

Drawing Our First Triangle

Summary

Chapter 3. Following the Pipeline

Passing Data to the Vertex Shader

Vertex Attributes

Passing Data from Stage to Stage

Interface Blocks

Tessellation

Tessellation Control Shaders

The Tessellation Engine

Tessellation Evaluation Shaders

Geometry Shaders

Primitive Assembly, Clipping, and Rasterization

Clipping

Viewport Transformation

Culling

Rasterization

Fragment Shaders

Framebuffer Operations

Pixel Operations

Compute Shaders

Using Extensions in OpenGL

Enhancing OpenGL with Extensions

Summary

Chapter 4. Math for 3D Graphics

Is This the Dreaded Math Chapter?

A Crash Course in 3D Graphics Math

Vectors, or Which Way Is Which?

Common Vector Operators

Matrices

Matrix Construction and Operators

Understanding Transformations

Coordinate Spaces in OpenGL

Coordinate Transformations

Concatenating Transformations

Quaternions

The Model–View Transform

Projection Transformations

Interpolation, Lines, Curves, and Splines

Curves

Splines

Summary

Chapter 5. Data

Buffers

Creating Buffers and Allocating Memory

Filling and Copying Data in Buffers

Feeding Vertex Shaders from Buffers

Uniforms

Default Block Uniforms

Uniform Blocks

Using Uniforms to Transform Geometry

Shader Storage Blocks

Synchronizing Access to Memory

Atomic Counters

Synchronizing Access to Atomic Counters

Textures

Creating and Initialzing Textures

Texture Targets and Types

Reading from Textures in Shaders

Loading Textures from Files

Controlling How Texture Data Is Read

Array Textures

Writing to Textures in Shaders

Synchronizing Access to Images

Texture Compression

Texture Views

Summary

Chapter 6. Shaders and Programs

Language Overview

Data Types

Built-In Functions

Compiling, Linking, and Examining Programs

Getting Information from the Compiler

Getting Information from the Linker

Separate Programs

Shader Subroutines

Program Binaries

Summary

Part II: In Depth

Chapter 7. Vertex Processing and Drawing Commands

Vertex Processing

Vertex Shader Inputs

Vertex Shader Outputs

Drawing Commands

Indexed Drawing Commands

Instancing

Indirect Draws

Storing Transformed Vertices

Using Transform Feedback

Starting, Pausing, and Stopping Transform Feedback

Ending the Pipeline with Transform Feedback

Transform Feedback Example: Physical Simulation

Clipping

User-Defined Clipping

Summary

Chapter 8. Primitive Processing

Tessellation

Tessellation Primitive Modes

Tessellation Subdivision Modes

Passing Data between Tessellation Shaders

Communication between Shader Invocations

Tessellation Example: Terrain Rendering

Tessellation Example: Cubic Bézier Patches

Geometry Shaders

The Pass-Through Geometry Shader

Using Geometry Shaders in an Application

Discarding Geometry in the Geometry Shader

Modifying Geometry in the Geometry Shader

Generating Geometry in the Geometry Shader

Changing the Primitive Type in the Geometry Shader

Multiple Streams of Storage

New Primitive Types Introduced by the Geometry Shader

Multiple Viewport Transformations

Summary

Chapter 9. Fragment Processing and the Framebuffer

Fragment Shaders

Interpolation and Storage Qualifiers

Per-Fragment Tests

Scissor Testing

Stencil Testing

Depth Testing

Early Testing

Color Output

Blending

Logical Operations

Color Masking

Off-Screen Rendering

Multiple Framebuffer Attachments

Layered Rendering

Framebuffer Completeness

Rendering in Stereo

Antialiasing

Antialiasing by Filtering

Multi-Sample Antialiasing

Multi-Sample Textures

Sample Rate Shading

Centroid Sampling

Advanced Framebuffer Formats

Rendering with No Attachments

Floating-Point Framebuffers

Integer Framebuffers

The sRGB Color Space

Point Sprites

Texturing Points

Rendering a Star Field

Point Parameters

Shaped Points

Rotating Points

Getting at Your Image

Reading from a Framebuffer

Copying Data between Framebuffers

Reading Back Texture Data

Summary

Chapter 10. Compute Shaders

Using Compute Shaders

Executing Compute Shaders

Compute Shader Communication

Examples

Compute Shader Parallel Prefix Sum

Compute Shader Flocking

Summary

Chapter 11. Advanced Data Management

Eliminating Binding

Sparsely Populated Textures

Texture Compression

The RGTC Compression Scheme

Generating Compressed Data

Packed Data Formats

High-Quality Texture Filtering

Summary

Chapter 12. Controlling and Monitoring the Pipeline

Queries

Occlusion Queries

Timer Queries

Transform Feedback Queries

Pipeline State Queries

Synchronization in OpenGL

Draining the Pipeline

Synchronization and Fences

Summary

Part III: In Practice

Chapter 13. Rendering Techniques

Lighting Models

The Phong Lighting Model

Blinn-Phong Lighting

Rim Lighting

Normal Mapping

Environment Mapping

Material Properties

Casting Shadows

Atmospheric Effects

Non-Photo-Realistic Rendering

Cell Shading: Texels as Light

Alternative Rendering Methods

Deferred Shading

Screen-Space Techniques

Rendering without Triangles

Two-Dimensional Graphics

Distance Field Textures

Bitmap Fonts

Summary

Chapter 14. High-Performance OpenGL

Optimizing CPU Performance

Multi-Threading in OpenGL

Packet Buffers

Low-Overhead OpenGL

Indirect Rendering

GPU Work Generation

Zero Copy

Performance Analysis Tools

Windows Performance Toolkit and GPUView

GPU PerfStudio

Tuning Your Application for Speed

Summary

Chapter 15. Debugging and Stability

Debugging Your Applications

Debug Contexts

Security and Robustness

Graphics Reset

Range-Checked Reads

Summary

Appendix A. The SuperBible Tools

The ktxtool Utility

The dds2ktx Utility

The sb6mtool Utility

Appendix B. The SBM File Format

File Header

Chunk Headers

Defined Chunks

Example

Appendix C. OpenGL Features and Versions

List of OpenGL Functions

Functions Introduced by OpenGL Extensions

Glossary

Index

Code Snippets

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OpenGL® SuperBible Seventh Edition Comprehensive Tutorial and Reference Graham Sellers Richard S. Wright, Jr. Nicholas Haemel New York • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. OpenGL® is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics Inc. and is used by permission of Khronos. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com. For questions about sales outside the United States, please contact international@pearsoned.com. Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wright, Richard S., Jr., 1965- author. OpenGL superBible : comprehensive tutorial and reference.— Seventh edition / Graham Sellers, Richard S. Wright, Jr., Nicholas Haemel. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-672-33747-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-672-33747-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Computer graphics. 2. OpenGL. I. Sellers, Graham, author. II. Haemel, Nicholas, author. III. Title. T385.W728 2016 006.6’8—dc23 2015014278 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any

prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan, New Jersey 07675, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290. ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33747-5 ISBN-10: 0-672-33747-9 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana. First printing, July 2015 Editor-in-Chief Mark L. Taub Executive Editor Laura Lewin Managing Editor John Fuller Full-Service Production Manager Julie B. Nahil Copy Editor Jill Hobbs Indexer Larry D. Sweazy Proofreader Anna Popick Technical Reviewer Matías Goldberg Editorial Assistant Olivia Basegio Compositor diacriTech

For you, the reader. —Graham Sellers

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