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VANET Vehicular Applications and Inter-Networking.pdf

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    Contents
    Foreword
    About the Editors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    List of Contributors
    1 Introduction
    1.1 Basic Principles and Challenges
    1.2 Past and Ongoing VANET Activities
    1.2.1 From the beginning to the mid 1990s
    1.2.2 From the mid 1990s to the present
    1.2.3 Examples of current project results
    1.3 Chapter Outlines
    References
    2 Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications
    2.1 Introduction
    2.1.1 Motivation
    2.1.2 Chapter outline
    2.2 Enabling Technologies
    2.2.1 Communication requirements
    2.2.2 Vehicular positioning
    2.2.3 Vehicle sensors
    2.2.4 On-board computation platforms
    2.3 Cooperative System Architecture
    2.4 Mapping for Safety Applications
    2.4.1 Non-parametric path prediction
    2.4.2 Parametric path prediction
    2.4.3 Stochastic path prediction
    2.5 VANET-enabled Active Safety Applications
    2.5.1 Infrastructure-to-vehicle applications
    2.5.2 Vehicle-to-vehicle applications
    2.5.3 Pedestrian-to-vehicle applications
    References
    3 Information Dissemination in VANETs
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Obtaining Local Measurements
    3.3 Information Transport
    3.3.1 Protocols for information transport
    3.3.2 Improving network connectivity
    3.3.3 What to transport
    3.4 Summarizing Measurements
    3.5 Geographical Data Aggregation
    3.6 Conclusion
    References
    4 VANET Convenience and Efficiency Applications
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Limitations
    4.2.1 Capacity
    4.2.2 Connectivity
    4.2.3 Competition
    4.3 Applications
    4.4 Communication Paradigms
    4.4.1 Centralized client/server systems
    4.4.2 Infrastructure-based peer-to-peer communication
    4.4.3 VANET communication
    4.5 Probabilistic, Area-based Aggregation
    4.5.1 FM sketches
    4.5.2 Using sketches for data aggregation in VANETs
    4.5.3 Soft-state sketches
    4.5.4 Forming larger area aggregates
    4.5.5 Application study
    4.6 Travel Time Aggregation
    4.6.1 Landmark-based aggregation
    4.6.2 Judging the quality of information
    4.6.3 Hierarchical landmark aggregation
    4.6.4 Evaluation
    4.7 Conclusion
    References
    5 Vehicular Mobility Modeling for VANET
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Notation Description
    5.3 Random Models
    5.4 Flow Models
    5.4.1 Microscopic flow models
    5.4.2 Macroscopic flow models
    5.4.3 Mesoscopic flow models
    5.4.4 Lane changing models
    5.4.5 Intersection management
    5.4.6 Impact of flow models on vehicular mobility
    5.5 TrafficModels
    5.5.1 Trip planning
    5.5.2 Path planning
    5.5.3 Influence of time
    5.5.4 Impact of traffic models on vehicular mobility
    5.6 BehavioralModels
    5.7 Trace or Survey-based Models
    5.8 Integration with Network Simulators
    5.8.1 Network simulators
    5.8.2 Isolated mobility models
    5.8.3 Embedded mobility models
    5.8.4 Federated mobility models
    5.8.5 Application-centric versus network-centric simulations
    5.8.6 Discussion
    5.9 A Design Framework for Realistic Vehicular Mobility Models
    5.9.1 Motion constraints
    5.9.2 Traffic generator
    5.9.3 Application-based level of realism
    5.10 Discussion and Outlook
    5.11 Conclusion
    References
    6 Physical Layer Considerations for Vehicular Communications
    6.1 Standards Overview
    6.1.1 A brief history
    6.1.2 Technical alterations and operation
    6.2 Previous Work
    6.3 Wireless Propagation Theory
    6.3.1 Deterministic multipath models
    6.3.2 Statistical multipath models
    6.3.3 Path loss modeling
    6.4 Channel Metrics
    6.4.1 Delay spread
    6.4.2 Coherence bandwidth
    6.4.3 Doppler spread
    6.4.4 Coherence time
    6.4.5 Impact on OFDM systems
    6.5 Measurement Theory
    6.6 Empirical Channel Characterization at 5.9 GHz
    6.6.1 Highway environments
    6.6.2 Urban environments
    6.6.3 Rural LOS environments
    6.6.4 Results summary
    6.6.5 Analysis
    6.7 Future Directions
    6.8 Conclusion
    6.9 Appendix: Deterministic Multipath Channel Derivations
    6.9.1 Complex baseband channel representation – continuous time
    6.9.2 Complex baseband channel representation – discrete time
    6.10 Appendix: LTV Channel Response
    6.11 Appendix: Measurement Theory Details
    6.11.1 PN sequence bits
    6.11.2 Generation of LTI channel estimates
    6.11.3 Generation of Ricean K-factor estimates
    References
    7 MAC Layer and Scalability Aspects of Vehicular Communication Networks
    7.1 Introduction: Challenges and Requirements
    7.2 A Survey on Proposed MAC Approaches for VANETs
    7.2.1 Time-division multiple access based approaches
    7.2.2 Space-division multiple access based approaches
    7.2.3 Code-division multiple access based approaches
    7.3 Communication Based on IEEE 802.11p
    7.3.1 The IEEE 802.11 standard
    7.3.2 IEEE 802.11p: towards wireless access in vehicular environments
    7.3.3 Modeling and simulation of IEEE 802.11p-based networks
    7.4 Performance Evaluation and Modeling
    7.4.1 Performance results of IEEE 802.11p-based active safety communications
    7.4.2 Computational costs of simulation
    7.4.3 Analytical models for performance of IEEE 802.11 networks
    7.4.4 An empirical model for performance of IEEE 802.11p networks
    7.4.5 Conclusion
    7.5 Aspects of Congestion Control
    7.5.1 The need for congestion control
    7.5.2 Congestion control by means of transmit power control
    7.5.3 Congestion control by means of rate control
    7.6 Open Issues and Outlook
    References
    8 Efficient Application Level Message Coding and Composition
    8.1 Introduction to the Application Environment
    8.1.1 Safety applications and data requirements
    8.1.2 Desirable architectural features
    8.1.3 Broadcast characteristics
    8.2 Message Dispatcher
    8.2.1 Data element dictionary
    8.2.2 Message construction
    8.2.3 What and when to send
    8.3 Example Applications
    8.3.1 Emergency brake warning
    8.3.2 Intersection violation warning
    8.3.3 Message composition
    8.3.4 Implementation
    8.3.5 Analysis
    8.4 Data Sets
    8.5 Predictive Coding
    8.5.1 Linear predictive coding
    8.5.2 System model
    8.5.3 Tolerable error
    8.5.4 Predictive coding transmission policies
    8.5.5 Predictive coding results
    8.6 Architecture Analysis
    8.7 Conclusion
    References
    9 Data Security in Vehicular Communication Networks
    9.1 Introduction
    9.1.1 Outline
    9.1.2 State of the art
    9.2 Challenges of Data Security in Vehicular Networks
    9.3 Network, Applications, and AdversarialModel
    9.3.1 Network model
    9.3.2 Applications model
    9.3.3 Attacker model
    9.4 Security Infrastructure
    9.4.1 Cryptography services
    9.4.2 Key management
    9.5 Cryptographic Protocols
    9.5.1 Certificate verification
    9.5.2 Encryption
    9.5.3 Key agreement
    9.5.4 Authentication
    9.5.5 Secure positioning
    9.5.6 Identification of misbehaving nodes
    9.5.7 Summary
    9.6 Privacy Protection Mechanisms
    9.6.1 Properties
    9.6.2 Key assignment
    9.6.3 Tracking vehicles
    9.6.4 Evaluation
    9.7 Implementation Aspects
    9.7.1 Cryptographic schemes and key length
    9.7.2 Physical security
    9.7.3 Organizational aspects
    9.7.4 Update of software and renewal of certificates
    9.8 Outlook and Conclusions
    References
    10 Standards and Regulations
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Layered Architecture for VANETs
    10.2.1 General concepts and definitions
    10.2.2 A protocol stack for DSRC
    10.3 DSRC Regulations
    10.3.1 DSRC in the United States
    10.3.2 DSRC in Europe
    10.4 DSRC Physical Layer Standard
    10.4.1 OFDM physical medium dependent (PMD) function
    10.4.2 OFDM physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) function
    10.5 DSRC Data Link Layer Standard (MAC and LLC)
    10.5.1 Medium access control (MAC) sublayer
    10.5.2 Logical link control (MAC) sublayer
    10.6 DSRCMiddle Layers
    10.6.1 MAC extension for multi-channel operation: IEEE 1609.4
    10.6.2 Network services for DSRC: network and transport layers, IEEE 1609.3
    10.6.3 WSA length summary
    10.6.4 Middle layer security: IEEE 1609.2
    10.7 DSRCMessage Sublayer
    10.7.1 SAE J2735 DSRC message sets
    10.7.2 Case study: The basic safety message
    10.7.3 Case study: The probe vehicle data message
    10.7.4 Case study: The roadside alert message
    10.8 Summary
    10.9 Abbreviations and Acronyms
    References
    Index
    VANET: Vehicular Applications and Inter-Networking Technologies Hannes Hartenstein Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany Kenneth P Laberteaux Toyota Technical Center, USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
    VANET
    VANET: Vehicular Applications and Inter-Networking Technologies Hannes Hartenstein Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany Kenneth P Laberteaux Toyota Technical Center, USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
    This edition first published 2010 © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom. For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hartenstein, Hannes. VANET: vehicular applications and inter-networking technologies / Hannes Hartenstein, Kenneth Laberteaux, editors. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-74056-9 (cloth) TE228.37.V36 2010 388.3’12–dc22 1. Vehicle ad hoc networks (Computer networks) I. Hartenstein, Hannes. II. Laberteaux, Kenneth. 2009026531 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 9780470740569 (H/B) Set in 10/12pt Palatino by Sunrise Setting Ltd, Torquay, UK. Printed and Bound in Singapore by Markone, Pte.
    Dedication To my parents. HH To Maria. KPL
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