2009 年 1 月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学真题 I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％) 1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( ) A. sounds units C. phonemes B. sound features D. allophones 2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( ) A. writing C. transcription B. orthography D. phonology 3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( ) A. Bound C. Inflectional B. Free D. Derivational 4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( ) A. Lexical C. Semantic B. Phrasal D. Logical 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) A. argument B. subject C. object 6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical D. attribute 

with the speaker’s intention. ( ) A. performative C. illocutionary B. constative D. perlocutionary 7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( ) A. vocabulary C. morphology B. pronunciation D. syntax 8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech ) or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( A. bilingualism multilingualism C. diglossia code-switching B. D. 9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( ) A. Wernicke’s C. Gage’s B. Broca’s D. Genie’s 10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( ) A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam spontaneous conversation II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) D. casual and 

linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” l1. M which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive， i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not. 12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d be described as a sequence of two vowels. ，which could also r 13. A is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word. 14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause. 15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n borrowed words. words and 16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d · 17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix. 18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’ Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects s in society. period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from 19. The c about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language. 20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation. III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. 

Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％) 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations. 22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants. 23. ( same roles in explaining the internal structures of language. )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the 24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position. 25. ( sentence. )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed 26. ( Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly. )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative 27. ( pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English. )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the 28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety. 29. ( hemisphere of the brain. )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right 30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human. IV. Directions ： Explain the following terms ， using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％) 31. arbitrariness 32. distinctive features 

33. Universal Grammar 34. Move 35. contextualism 36. comparative reconstruction 37. speech community 38. interpersonal communication 39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism 40. 1anguage acquisition V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％) 41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences. 1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher. 2) The old man put the book on the table. 中华考试网 3) I think that you are from the South. 42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.