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The craft of research.pdf

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    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Dedication
    Contents
    Preface: The Aims of This Edition
    Our Debts
    I  Research, Researchers, and Readers
    Prologue: Becoming a Researcher
    1  Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
    1.1  What Is Research?
    1.2  Why Write It Up?
    1.3  Why a Formal Paper?
    1.4  Writing Is Thinking
    2  Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers
    2.1  Conversing with Your Readers
    2.2  Understanding Your Role
    2.3  Imagining Your Readers’ Role
    ★  Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers
    II  Asking Questions, Finding Answers
    Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
    ★  Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group
    3  From Topics to Questions
    3.1  From an Interest to a Topic
    3.2  From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
    3.3  From a Focused Topic to Questions
    3.4  The Most Significant Question: So What?
    ★  Quick Tip: Finding Topics
    4  From Questions to a Problem
    4.1  Understanding Research Problems
    4.2  Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
    4.3  Finding a Good Research Problem
    4.4  Learning to Work with Problems
    ★  Quick Tip: Manage the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience
    5  From Problems to Sources
    5.1  Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
    5.2  Navigating the Twenty-First-Century Library
    5.3  Locating Sources on the Internet
    5.4  Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
    5.5  Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
    5.6  Using People to Further Your Research
    ★  Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
    6  Engaging Sources
    6.1  Recording Complete Bibliographical Information
    6.2  Engaging Sources Actively
    6.3  Reading for a Problem
    6.4  Reading for Arguments
    6.5  Reading for Data and Support
    6.6  Taking Notes
    6.7  Annotating Your Sources
    ★  Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
    III  Making an Argument
    Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
    7  Making Good Arguments: An Overview
    7.1  Argument as a Conversation with Readers
    7.2  Supporting Your Claim
    7.3  Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
    7.4  Connecting Claims and Reasons with Warrants
    7.5  Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
    7.6  Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument
    ★  Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
    8  Making Claims
    8.1  Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
    8.2  Evaluating Your Claim
    8.3  Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
    9  Assembling Reasons and Evidence
    9.1  Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
    9.2  Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
    9.3  Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
    9.4  Evaluating Your Evidence
    10  Acknowledgments and Responses
    10.1  Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will
    10.2  Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
    10.3  Deciding What to Acknowledge
    10.4  Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments
    10.5  The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
    ★  Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
    11  Warrants
    11.1  Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
    11.2  Warrants in Academic Arguments
    11.3  Understanding the Logic of Warrants
    11.4  Testing Warrants
    11.5  Knowing When to State a Warrant
    11.6  Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
    11.7  Challenging Others’ Warrants
    ★  Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
    IV  Writing Your Argument
    Prologue: Planning Again
    12  Planning and Drafting
    12.1  Planning Your Paper
    12.2  Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Plans
    12.3  Turning Your Plan into a Draft
    ★  Quick Tip: Work Through Procrastination and Writer’s Block
    13  Organizing Your Argument
    13.1  Thinking Like a Reader
    13.2  Revising Your Frame
    13.3  Revising Your Argument
    13.4  Revising the Organization of Your Paper
    13.5  Checking Your Paragraphs
    13.6  Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrasing It
    ★  Quick Tip: Abstracts
    14  Incorporating Sources
    14.1  Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Appropriately
    14.2  Integrating Direct Quotations into Your Text
    14.3  Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
    14.4  The Social Importance of Citing Sources
    14.5  Four Common Citation Styles
    14.6  Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
    ★  Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
    15  Communicating Evidence Visually
    15.1  Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
    15.2  Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
    15.3  Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
    15.4  Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
    15.5  Communicating Data Ethically
    16  Introductions and Conclusions
    16.1  The Common Structure of Introductions
    16.2  Step 1: Establishing a Context
    16.3  Step 2: Stating Your Problem
    16.4  Step 3: Stating Your Response
    16.5  Setting the Right Pace
    16.6  Organizing the Whole Introduction
    16.7  Finding Your First Few Words
    16.8  Writing Your Conclusion
    ★  Quick Tip: Titles
    17  Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
    17.1  Judging Style
    17.2  The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
    17.3  A Third Principle: Old Before New
    17.4  Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
    17.5  A Final Principle: Complexity Last
    17.6  Spit and Polish
    ★  Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
    V  Some Last Considerations
    The Ethics of Research
    A Postscript for Teachers
    Appendix: Bibliographical Resources
    Index
    The Craft of Research
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    The Craft of Research Fourth Edition Wayne C. Booth Gregory G. Colomb Joseph M. Williams Joseph Bizup William T. FitzGerald The University of Chicago Press Chicago & London
    Wayne C. Booth (1921–2005) was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language and Literature at the University of Chicago. His books included The Rhetoric of Fiction and For the Love of It: Amateuring and Its Rivals, both published by the University of Chicago Press. Gregory G. Colomb (1951–2011) was professor of English at the University of Virginia and the author of Designs on Truth: The Poetics of the Augustan Mock-Epic. Joseph M. Williams (1933–2008) was professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Chicago and the author of Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. Joseph Bizup is associate professor in the Department of English at Boston University as well as assistant dean and director of the College of Arts and Sciences Writing Program. He is the author of Manufacturing Culture: Vindications of Early Victorian Industry. William T. FitzGerald is associate professor in the Department of English at Rutgers University. He is the author of Spiritual Modalities: Prayer as Rhetoric and Performance. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1995, 2003, 2008, 2016 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2016. Printed in the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-23956-9 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-23973-6 (paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-23987-3 (e-book) DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226239873.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Booth, Wayne C., author. | Colomb, Gregory G., author. | Williams, Joseph M., author. | Bizup, Joseph, 1966– author. | FitzGerald, William T., author. Title: The craft of research / Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, William T. FitzGerald.
    Other titles: Chicago guides to writing, editing, and publishing. Description: Fourth edition. | Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016. | Series: Chicago guides to writing, editing, and publishing | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016000143 | ISBN 9780226239569 (cloth: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226239736 (pbk.: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226239873 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Research—Methodology. | Technical writing. Classification: LCC Q180.55.M4 B66 2016 | DDC 001.4/2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016000143 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
    Contents Preface: The Aims of This Edition Our Debts I Research, Researchers, and Readers Prologue: Becoming a Researcher 1 Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private 1.1 What Is Research? 1.2 Why Write It Up? 1.3 Why a Formal Paper? 1.4 Writing Is Thinking 2 Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers 2.1 Conversing with Your Readers 2.2 Understanding Your Role 2.3 Imagining Your Readers’ Role ★ Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers II Asking Questions, Finding Answers Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview ★ Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group 3 From Topics to Questions 3.1 From an Interest to a Topic 3.2 From a Broad Topic to a Focused One 3.3 From a Focused Topic to Questions 3.4 The Most Significant Question: So What? ★ Quick Tip: Finding Topics 4 From Questions to a Problem 4.1 Understanding Research Problems
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