生产运作与分析课件.ppt

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Production Planning and Control 生产计划与控制 2022-6-13

v5.1 Introduction v5.2 The newsboy model (报童模型) v5.3 Lot Size-Reorder Point System (批量再订货点系统) v5.4 Service Level in (Q, R) System v5.5 Multi-product Systems v5.6 Electronic Data Interchange(电子数据交换) Ch5-2

5.1 Introduction Sources of Uncertainties: vIn consumer preference and trends in the market; vIn the availability and cost of labor and resources; vIn vendor(卖方) supplier time; vIn weather and its effects on operations logistics; vOf financial variables such as stock prices and interest rates; vOf demand for products and services. Ch5-3

Introduction Uncertainty means: v A department store cannot exactly predicate the sales of a particular item on any given day; vAn airline cannot exactly predicate the number of people that will choose to fly on any given flight. How can these firms choose the number of items to keep in inventory or the number of flights to schedule on any given route? vBased on the past experience for planning; vMinimize expected cost or maximize the expected profit when uncertainty is present! Ch5-4

Why deterministic inventory control model? As almost all inventory management has some level of uncertainty, what is the value of the deterministic inventory control model? vProvide a basis for understanding the fundamental trade-offs encountered in inventory management; vMay be good approximations depending on the degree of uncertainty in the demand. Ch5-5

Why deterministic inventory control model? Let D be the demand for an item over a given period of time. We express it as the sum of two parts DDet and DRan: D=DDet+DRan Where DDet=Deterministic component of demand And DRan=Random component of demand. In many cases we can assume DDDet : nWhen the variance of the random component, DRan, , is small relative to the magnitude of DDet； nWhen the predictable variation is more important than random variation; nWhen the problem is too complex to include an explicit representation of randomness in the model. Ch5-6

Introduction vTwo basic inventory control models subject to uncertainty: ØPeriodic review(周期性检查) - the inventory level is known at discrete points in time only; §For one planning period - the objective is to balance the costs of overage(过剩) (order too much) and underage(不足 ) (order too little): §fashion items, foods, newspapers, etc. §--- newsboy model. ØContinuous review(连续性检查) - the inventory level is known at all times. Ch5-7

5.2 The Newsboy Model vExample Ø Mac’s, a local newsstand, purchases a number of copies of The Computer Journal, a popular weekly magazine Ø Pay 25 cents for each copy, sell each for 75 cents Ø Not sold return to supplier for 10 cents each Ø Records of the demand each week for the journal for one year: qThe number of copies actually sold plus the number of customer requests that could not be satisfied Ch5-8

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