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MICROWAVE ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN Ediied by SAMUEL SILVER OF ELECTRICAL PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE ENGINEERING UNNEB.SITY OF CALIFORNIA, i3EP.KELEY OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH COMMITTEE FIRST EDITION NEW YORK, McGRAW-HILL TORONTO BOOK 1949 LONDON CO,MPANY, INC.

., ,., MICROWAVE .$xTEN\-.$ THEC!R Y .ISD DESIGN (hPYRIGH,T, 1949, B>- THE hlC~RA W-HILL BOOK ~(IIIP.I.NY, lKC. P31XTEI) lx THE U>-lTEI) STATES OF AMERICA .111 rights Testwed. parts thereof, in any form HI(IY This book, or not be reproduced (rilho?(l prr)rlission of /he ,L)(//)/ishers, THE MAPLE COMPANY, YORK, PA, PRESS *ienCem

,, )’”/y,,/ ,, ‘. \ lf[CRO JV.4 VE A NTE.VNA TfZEOR Y AND DESIGN EDITORIAL STAFF SAMUEL SILVER HUBERT M. JAMES CO.VTRIB L’TI.VG A PTHORS J. E. llATON L. J. I;YGES T. J. KEARY H. KRUTTER R. hf. R IZDHEFFER J. R. RISSER S. SILVER O. A. TYSON (2. G. hlAcFARL.4NE L. C. \’AN ATTA

Foreword development research and development T HE tremendous that ~vent into the of radar and related techniques during }Vorld IJ ar II (and some for resulted not only in hundreds of radar sets for military possible peacetime) use but also in a great body of information and ncm 13ecause this techniques basic material may be of great value to science and engineering, it seemed most important to publish it as soon as security permitted. and high-frequency in the electronics fields. effort The Radiation Laboratory of 311T, ~vhich operated under the super- undertook the great The ~vorl{ described berein, ho\\-eyer,is result of ~vork done at many laboratories, Army, Xavy, and industrial, both in this country and in JZngland, (

Preface The brevity of treatment and approximations Critical attention It treatment of nelv types of antennas. ‘l’he problems are developed quite fully. antenna types and techniques. theory and optics, are quite distinct of the radio frequency spectrum for communications is the aim of the present volume to make available T HE need that arose during the ]var for utilizing the microwave region and radar stimu- and lated the development lying as they do in the domain of both applied electro- design techniques, from those of long-wave magnetic to the antennas. of the basic principles and the antenna engineer a systematic The elements fundamental microwave theory and physical optics that are needed as a basis of electromagnetic is for design techniques that are commonly made paid to the assumptions to emphasize the domain of applicability in the theoretical developments optics has been treated only of the results. its basic principles and to sho~v its to the extent necessary to formulate to the more exact methods relation as a short wavelength approximation should not be taken as an of field theory. of geometrical optics to that of electro- index of the relative importance the former true that magnetic theory and physical optics. elements the optical is generally the starting point (reflectors and lenses) of an antenna. the use of ray theory for microwave systems presents no new problems over those encountered in optics—on which there are a number of excellent treatises—except that perhaps micro~vave applications. the law of the optical path appears more prominently is in fact in the design of The subject of geometrical It However, in all of This proved, however, Nfany subjects have regrettably In the original planning of the book it was the intention of the editors the major wQrk done in this country and in Great to be too ambitious an been omitted completely, to integrate Britoin and Canada. undertaking. and others have had to be treated in a purely cursory manner. unfortunately necessary to omit two chapters on rapid scanning antennas time the prepared by Dr. C. V. Robinson. material of military security and yet exposition of the subject would have unduly to represent an adequate delayed the publication of the hook. Certain sections of Dr. Robinson’s material have been incorporated into Chaps. 6 and 12. The to conform ~vith the requirements required to revise It \vas ix

x PREFACE I take pleasure in expressing here my appreciation James who, to Prof. Hubei-t the M. as Technical The scope of the book, editorial work and the attendant the order of presentation of the material, and the sectional division within chapters were arrived at by us jointly in consultation with the authors. I am personally Ivork on my own chapters. Editor, responsibilities. shared with me much of .James for his editorial indebted to Professor the group, I hope that The responsibility for the final form of the book, the errors of omission is mine. A word of explanation to the authors of the and commission, is in order. After the close of the Office of I’ublications various chapters I have on occasions made use of my and the dispersal of the results editorial prerogative to revise their presentations. The policy of assignment of credit also needs meet ~vith their approval. of both Professor James and myself of explanation. The interpretation the policy on credit assignment formulated by the Editorial Board for the Technical Series has been to the effect that no piece of work discussed Radi- in the text would be associated with an individual or individuals. they represent ation Laboratory than individual acknowledgements. source material References note- of the Radiation Laboratory books have been assiduously a~oided, although such material has been In defense of this policy it may be dramm upon extensively by all of us. stated that the ]vorlc at the Radiation Laboratory was truly a cooperative effort, and in only a few instances would it have been possible to assign individual credit unequivocally. for the chapter rather to unpublished material reports are referred to in the sense that Sheats. the Radiation Laboratory and Mrs. nary accepted the ~vork as one of their assistance and contributions. in behalf of the editorial staff and the authors The completion of the book was made possible through the efforis of I wish a number of people; Mrs. Barbara Vogel to acknowledge served as technical and Mrs. Ellen Fine of the production of figures and photographs \vas expedited by assistants; It proved impossible to hlrs. Frances Bourget the h’aval finish the ]t-orl

Ch:lp. 11. (’entnd Radio 13urw~u h~~vc ~rwiously m:ltcrial security U3glllotioms. photographs of mct:d lens antennas. The S:1( iomd Rcsc:wch (’ouncil of Can:&~ :md the llrit isll granted us permission to ti~li(. in accord:mcc ~~ith mlrrrnt I.abora,twy supplied the from ( ‘unudi:m :md I;ritish reports ‘l>hc I?wII Telephone K:\v\T, ‘!f”lslllxlm)x, :lprd, lll)sl’.\1i1lI T. WIMWIIY, l). (’., 1947. S.4 MUEL khLVlil{.

. Contents FORE WORD BY L. A. DUBRmGE PRE1744CE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii . ix . CHAP.1. SURVEY OF MICROWAVE ANT~~NNADESIGN PROBLEMS . . . . . }Iicrowave . Beams. The WavelcngthRegion. .Lntenna Patterns Types of lIicrowave Radiating .4 Survey Impedance Program of the Present Volume . llernents of kllcrowavc Specifications. Transmission I,ines . . . . }.ntenna Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 . ..8 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 16. 1.7. 1.8. 21. 22. 23. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 1 1 6 7 9 13 14 16 17 19 20 21 23 29 36 37 37 40 45 50 51 53 56 CH.4P. 2. CIRCUIT RJ31JATIOIW, Rf3CIPR0CiTY THW3RF~!>fS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...16 Theorem and the Nfzximum-power Theorem Theorcnl . . ~etwork. . . . . Introduction The Four-terminal The Rayleigh Reciprocity Th6venin’s The Two-wire The Homogeneous The LosslessLin Transformation The Four-terminal missiOn Line.... Transmission I,ine Transmission e..... Charts. I,ine N“etwork l’:quivalent . . . . . ..26 of a Sectio]l of Trans- TRANSMI~EVG ANn RECEIVING ANTENNAS. . 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. as a Terminating The Antema The Receiving Antenna System The Transmitter Reciprocity and Receiver Impedance as a Coupled System . . . . . . . . . an Antenna . between the Transmitting . and Itecei\,ing Patterns . The .kverage Cross Section for a Matched Dependence The Four-terminal l)evelopment The Reciprocity s, of the Cross Section on Antenna Mismatch the Transfer . . of the N’etwork Equations Network Representation. between . . System Coetlicient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impedance . ...59 . . ...48 of Relation . . X111 . .

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