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Power Electronics DanielW. Hart 1st Edition.pdf
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Power Electronics
1.2 Converter Classification
1.3 Power Electronics Concepts
1.4 Electronic Switches
The Diode
Thyristors
Transistors
1.5 Switch Selection
1.6 Spice, PSpice, and Capture
1.7 Switches in Pspice
The Voltage-Controlled Switch
Transistors
Diodes
Thyristors (SCRs)
Convergence Problems in PSpice
1.8 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 2 Power Computations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power and Energy
Instantaneous Power
Energy
Average Power
2.3 Inductors and Capacitors
2.4 Energy Recovery
2.5 Effective Values: RMS
2.6 Apparent Power and Power Factor
Apparent Power S
Power Factor
2.7 Power Computations for Sinusoidal AC Circuits
2.8 Power Computations for Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waveforms
Fourier Series
Average Power
Nonsinusoidal Source and Linear Load
Sinusoidal Source and Nonlinear Load
2.9 Power Computations Using PSpice
2.10 Summary
2.11 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 3 Half-Wave Rectifiers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Resistive Load
Creating a DC Component Using an Electronic Switch
3.3 Resistive-Inductive Load
3.4 PSpice Simulation
Using Simulation Software for Numerical Computations
3.5 RL-Source Load
Supplying Power to a DC Source from an AC Source
3.6 Inductor-Source Load
Using Inductance to Limit Current
3.7 The Freewheeling Diode
Creating a DC Current
Reducing Load Current Harmonics
3.8 Half-Wave Rectifier With a Capacitor Filter
Creating a DC Voltage from an AC Source
3.9 The Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier
Resistive Load
RL Load
RL-Source Load
3.10 PSpice Solutions For Controlled Rectifiers
Modeling the SCR in PSpice
3.11 Commutation
The Effect of Source Inductance
3.12 Summary
3.13 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 4 Full-Wave Rectifiers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers
The Bridge Rectifier
The Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier
Resistive Load
RL Load
Source Harmonics
PSpice Simulation
RL-Source Load
Capacitance Output Filter
Voltage Doublers
LC Filtered Output
4.3 Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers
Resistive Load
RL Load, Discontinuous Current
RL Load, Continuous Current
PSpice Simulation of Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers
Controlled Rectifier with RL-Source Load
Controlled Single-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter
4.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
4.5 Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers
Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers
The Three-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter
4.6 DC Power Transmission
4.7 Commutation: The Effect of Source Inductance
Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier
Three-Phase Rectifier
4.8 Summary
4.9 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 5 AC Voltage Controllers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller
Basic Operation
Single-Phase Controller with a Resistive Load
Single-Phase Controller with an RL Load
PSpice Simulation of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers
5.3 Three-Phase Voltage Controllers
Y-Connected Resistive Load
Y-Connected RL Load
Delta-Connected Resistive Load
5.4 Induction Motor Speed Control
5.5 Static VAR Control
5.6 Summary
5.7 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 6 DC-DC Converters
6.1 Linear Voltage Regulators
6.2 A Basic Switching Converter
6.3 The Buck (Step-Down) Converter
Voltage and Current Relationships
Output Voltage Ripple
Capacitor Resistance—The Effect on Ripple Voltage
Synchronous Rectification for the Buck Converter
6.4 Design Considerations
6.5 The Boost Converter
Voltage and Current Relationships
Output Voltage Ripple
Inductor Resistance
6.6 The Buck-Boost Converter
Voltage and Current Relationships
Output Voltage Ripple
6.7 The Cuk Converter
6.8 The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC)
6.9 Interleaved Converters
6.10 Nonideal Switches and Converter Performance
Switch Voltage Drops
Switching Losses
6.11 Discontinuous-Current Operation
Buck Converter with Discontinuous Current
Boost Converter with Discontinuous Current
6.12 Switched-Capacitor Converters
The Step-Up Switched-Capacitor Converter
The Inverting Switched-Capacitor Converter
The Step-Down Switched-Capacitor Converter
6.13 PSpice Simulation of DC-DC Converters
A Switched PSpice Model
An Averaged Circuit Model
6.14 Summary
6.15 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 7 DC Power Supplies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transformer Models
7.3 The Flyback Converter
Continuous-Current Mode
Discontinuous-Current Mode in the Flyback Converter
Summary of Flyback Converter Operation
7.4 The Forward Converter
Summary of Forward Converter Operation
7.5 The Double-Ended (Two-Switch) Forward Converter
7.6 The Push-Pull Converter
Summary of Push-Pull Operation
7.7 Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge DC-DC Converters
7.8 Current-Fed Converters
7.9 Multiple Outputs
7.10 Converter Selection
7.11 Power Factor Correction
7.12 PSpice Simulation of DC Power Supplies
7.13 Power Supply Control
Control Loop Stability
Small-Signal Analysis
Switch Transfer Function
Filter Transfer Function
Pulse-Width Modulation Transfer Function
Type 2 Error Amplifier with Compensation
Design of a Type 2 Compensated Error Amplifier
PSpice Simulation of Feedback Control
Type 3 Error Amplifier with Compensation
Design of a Type 3 Compensated Error Amplifier
Manual Placement of Poles and Zeros in the Type 3 Amplifier
7.14 PWM Control Circuits
7.15 The AC Line Filter
7.16 The Complete DC Power Supply
7.17 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 8 Inverters
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Full-Bridge Converter
8.3 The Square-Wave Inverter
8.4 Fourier Series Analysis
8.5 Total Harmonic Distortion
8.6 PSpice Simulation of Square Wave Inverters
8.7 Amplitude and Harmonic Control
8.8 The Half-Bridge Inverter
8.9 Multilevel Inverters
Multilevel Converters with Independent DC Sources
Equalizing Average Source Power with Pattern Swapping
Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters
8.10 Pulse-Width-Modulated Output
Bipolar Switching
Unipolar Switching
8.11 PWM Definitions and Considerations
8.12 PWM Harmonics
Bipolar Switching
Unipolar Switching
8.13 Class D Audio Amplifiers
8.14 Simulation of Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters
Bipolar PWM
Unipolar PWM
8.15 Three-Phase Inverters
The Six-Step Inverter
PWM Three-Phase Inverters
Multilevel Three-Phase Inverters
8.16 PSpice Simulation of Three-Phase Inverters
Six-Step Three-Phase Inverters
PWM Three-Phase Inverters
8.17 Induction Motor Speed Control
8.18 Summary
8.19 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 9 Resonant Converters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Current Switching
Basic Operation
Output Voltage
9.3 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Voltage Switching
Basic Operation
Output Voltage
9.4 The Series Resonant Inverter
Switching Losses
Amplitude Control
9.5 The Series Resonant DC-DC Converter
Basic Operation
Operation for ω[sub(s)] > ω[sub(o)]
Operation for ω[sub(0)]/2 < ω[sub(s)] < ω[sub(0)]
Operation for ω[sub(s)] < ω[sub(0)]/2
Variations on the Series Resonant DC-DC Converter
9.6 The Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter
9.7 The Series-Parallel DC-DC Converter
9.8 Resonant Converter Comparison
9.9 The Resonant DC Link Converter
9.10 Summary
9.11 Bibliography
Problems
Chapter 10 Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits, and Heat Sinks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 MOSFET and IGBT Drive Circuits
Low-Side Drivers
High-Side Drivers
10.3 Bipolar Transistor Drive Circuits
10.4 Thyristor Drive Circuits
10.5 Transistor Snubber Circuits
10.6 Energy Recovery Snubber Circuits
10.7 Thyristor Snubber Circuits
10.8 Heat Sinks and Thermal Management
Steady-State Temperatures
Time-Varying Temperatures
10.9 Summary
10.10 Bibliography
Problems
Appendix A: Fourier Series for Some Common Waveforms
Appendix B: State-Space Averaging
Index
har80679_FC.qxd 12/11/09 6:23 PM Page ii
Commonly used Power
and Converter Equations
Instantaneous power:
p(t) ⫽ v(t)i(t)
Energy:
t2
W ⫽ 3
t1
p(t)dt
Average power:
P ⫽ W
T
t0⫹T
⫽ 1
T 3
t0
p(t) dt ⫽ 1
t0⫹T
T 3
t0
v(t)i(t) dt
Average power for a dc voltage source:
Pdc ⫽ Vdc Iavg
rms voltage:
T
Vrms ⫽ B 1
T3
0
v 2(t)dt
rms current for a triangular wave:
rms for v ⫽ v1
⫹ v2
⫹ v3
⫹ . . . :
2
1, rms ⫹V
2
2, rms ⫹V
3, rms ⫹ Á
2
Vrms ⫽ 2V
Irms ⫽ Im13
rms current for an offset triangular wave:
Irms ⫽ B a
2
Im13 b
⫹ I 2
dc
rms voltage for a sine wave or a full-wave rectified sine wave: Vrms ⫽ Vm12
har80679_FC.qxd 12/11/09 6:23 PM Page iii
rms voltage for a half-wave rectified sine wave:
Vrms ⫽ Vm
2
Power factor:
pf ⫽ P
S
⫽ P
Vrms Irms
Total harmonic distortion:
THD ⫽
I 2
n
Aaq
n⫽2
I1
Distortion factor:
DF ⫽A
1
1 ⫹ (THD)2
Form factor ⫽ Irms
Iavg
Crest factor ⫽ Ipeak
Irms
Buck converter:
Boost converter:
Vo ⫽ Vs D
Vo ⫽ Vs
1 ⫺ D
Buck-boost and ´Cuk converters:
Vo ⫽ ⫺Vs a
D
1 ⫺ D b
SEPIC:
Vo ⫽ Vs a
D
1 ⫺ D b
Flyback converter:
Vo ⫽ Vs a
D
1 ⫺ D b a
N2
N1 b
Forward converter: Vo ⫽ VsD
N2
N1 b
a
har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page i
Power Electronics
Daniel W. Hart
Valparaiso University
Valparaiso, Indiana
har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page ii
POWER ELECTRONICS
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission,
or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
ISBN 978-0-07-338067-4
MHID 0-07-338067-9
Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange
Vice President, EDP: Kimberly Meriwether-David
Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan
Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts
Developmental Editor: Darlene M. Schueller
Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds
Project Manager: Erin Melloy
Senior Production Supervisor: Kara Kudronowicz
Senior Media Project Manager: Jodi K. Banowetz
Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes
Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri
(USE) Cover Image: Figure 7.5a from interior
Compositor: Glyph International
Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman
Printer: R. R. Donnelley
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.
This book was previously published by: Pearson Education, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hart, Daniel W.
Power electronics / Daniel W. Hart.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-338067-4 (alk. paper)
1. Power electronics. I. Title.
TK7881.15.H373 2010
621.31'7—dc22
www.mhhe.com
2009047266
har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page iii
To my family, friends, and the many students
I have had the privilege and pleasure of guiding
har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page iv
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Chapter 7
DC Power Supplies
265
Chapter 2
Power Computations 21
Chapter 8
Inverters 331
Chapter 3
Half-Wave Rectifiers 65
Chapter 9
Resonant Converters 387
Chapter 4
Full-Wave Rectifiers 111
Chapter 5
AC Voltage Controllers
171
Chapter 6
DC-DC Converters 196
Chapter 10
Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits,
and Heat Sinks
431
Appendix A Fourier Series for Some
Common Waveforms
Appendix B State-Space Averaging 467
461
Index
473
iv
har80679_FM_i-xiv.qxd 12/17/09 12:38 PM Page v
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Power Electronics 1
1.2 Converter Classification 1
1.3 Power Electronics Concepts 3
1.4 Electronic Switches 5
The Diode 6
Thyristors 7
Transistors 8
1.5 Switch Selection 11
1.6 Spice, PSpice, and Capture 13
1.7 Switches in Pspice 14
2.5 Effective Values: RMS 34
2.6 Apparent Power and Power
Factor 42
Apparent Power S 42
Power Factor 43
2.7 Power Computations for Sinusoidal
AC Circuits 43
2.8 Power Computations for Nonsinusoidal
Periodic Waveforms 44
Fourier Series 45
Average Power 46
Nonsinusoidal Source and
Linear Load 46
16
The Voltage-Controlled Switch
Transistors
Diodes
17
Thyristors (SCRs)
Convergence Problems in
18
PSpice
18
1.8 Bibliography 19
Problems 20
Introduction 21
Chapter 2
Power Computations 21
2.1
2.2 Power and Energy 21
Instantaneous Power 21
Energy 22
Average Power 22
Inductors and Capacitors 25
2.3
2.4 Energy Recovery 27
14
Sinusoidal Source and Nonlinear
Load
48
2.9 Power Computations Using
PSpice 51
2.10 Summary 58
2.11 Bibliography 59
Problems 59
Chapter 3
Half-Wave Rectifiers 65
3.1
3.2 Resistive Load 65
Introduction 65
Creating a DC Component
Using an Electronic Switch 65
3.3 Resistive-Inductive Load 67
3.4 PSpice Simulation 72
Using Simulation Software for
Numerical Computations 72
v
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